Eastern Visayas State University
Electrical Engineering Department
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AND
DEVICES
Subject code: EE 343
Subject description: Electrical Apparatus
and Devices
Ricardo M. Lagarde Jr.
Instructor
Transformer on Load
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Transformer on Load
Hence, whatever the load conditions, the net flux passing through the core is
approximately the same as at no-load. An important deduction is that due to
the constancy of core flux at all loads, the core loss is also practically the
same under all load conditions.
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Transformer on Load- example
Example 1. A single-phase transformer with a ratio of 440/110-V takes a
no-load current of 5A at 0.2 power factor lagging. If the secondary supplies
a current of 120 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging, estimate the current taken by the
primary.
Example 2. A transformer has a primary winding of800 turns and a
secondary winding of 200 turns. When the load current on the secondary is
80 A at 0.8 power factor la gging, the primary current is 25 A at 0.707
power factor lagging. Determine graphically or otherwise the no-load
current of the transformer and its phase with respect to the voltage.
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Transformer on Load- example
Example 3. A single phase transformer takes 10 A on no load at p.f. of 0.2
lagging. The turns ratio is 4 : 1 (step down). If the load on the secondary is
200 A at a p.f. of 0.85 lagging. Find the primary current and power factor.
Neglect the voltage-drop in the winding.
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Transformer with Winding
Resistance but No Magnetic
Leakage
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Transformer with Winding Resistance but
No Magnetic Leakage
V1 E1 E2 V2
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Transformer with Winding Resistance but
No Magnetic Leakage
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Equivalent Resistance
1. A resistance of R1 in primary is equivalent to K2R1 in secondary. Hence, it is called
equivalent resistance as referred to secondary i.e. R1’.
2. A resistance of R2 in secondary is equivalent to R2/K2 in primary. Hence, it is called the
equivalent secondary resistance as referred to primary i.e. R2’.
3. Total or effective resistance of the transformer as referred to primary is R01 = primary
resistance + equivalent secondary resistance as referred to primary= R1 + R2’= R1 +
R2/K2
4. Similarly, total transformer resistance as referred to secondary is,R02 = secondary
resistance + equivalent primary resistance as referred to secondary= R2+ R1'= R2 + K2
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Equivalent Resistance
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Magnetic Leakage
At no load and light loads, the primary and
secondary ampere-turns are small, hence
leakage fluxes are negligible. But when load
is increased, both primary and secondary
windings carry huge currents. Hence, large
m.m.f.’s are set up which, while acting on
leakage paths, increase the leakage flux.
A transformer with magnetic leakage is
equivalent to an ideal transformer with
inductive coils connected in both
primary and secondary circuits.
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Magnetic Leakage
1. The leakage flux links one or the other winding but not both, hence it
in no way contributes to the transfer of energy from the primary to the
secondary winding.
2. The primary voltage V1 will have to supply reactive drop I1X1 in
addition to I1R1. Similarly, E2 will have to supply I2 R2 and I2 X 2.
3. In an actual transformer, the primary and secondary windings are not
placed on separate legs or limbs because due to their being widely
separated, large primary and secondary leakage fluxes would result.
These leakage fluxes are minimized by sectionalizing and interleaving
the primary and secondary windings.
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Transformer with Resistance
and Leakage Reactance
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Transformer with Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
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Transformer with Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
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Transformer with Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
A 30 kVA, 2400/120-V, 50-Hz transformer has a high voltage winding
resistance of 0.1 ohm and a leakage reactance of 0.22 ohm . The low
voltage winding resistance is 0.035 ohm. and the leakage reactance
is 0.012 ohm . Find the equivalent winding resistance, reactance and
impedance referred to the (i) high voltage side and (ii) the low-voltage
side.
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Transformer with Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
A 50-kVA, 4,400/220-V transformer has R1 = 3.45 ohms , R2=0.009ohms. The
values of reactance are X1 = 5.20 ohms and X2 = 0.015 ohm . Calculate for the
transformer (i) equivalent resistance as referred to primary (ii) equivalent
resistance as referred to secondary (iii) equivalent reactance as referred to both
primary and secondary (iv) equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and
secondary (v) total Cu loss, first using individual resistances of the two windings ,
using equivalent resistances as referred to each side
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Transformer with Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
A 100 kVA, 1100/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a leakage
impedance of (0.1 + j0.40) ohm for the H.V. winding and (0.006 + j0.015) ohm for
the L.V. winding. Find the equivalent winding resistance, reactance and
impedance referred to the H.V. and L.V. sides.
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