Types of DC Generators
The magnetic field in a dc generator is normally produced by electromagnets
rather than permanent magnets.
Generators are generally classified according to their methods of field
excitation into the following two classes:
(i) Separately excited dc generators
(ii) Self-excited dc generators
(1) Series generator;
(2) Shunt generator;
(3) Compound generator
Separately Excited DC Generators
A d.c. generator whose field magnet
winding is supplied from an independent
external d.c. source (e.g., a battery etc.) Separately Excited DC Generator
is called a separately excited generator.
The voltage output depends upon the speed of rotation of armature and the
field current (Eg = PφZN/60 A).
The greater the speed and field current, greater is the generated emf.
Separately excited dc generators are rarely used in practice.
The dc generators are normally of self-excited type.
Armature current, Ia = IL
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa
Electric power developed = EgIa
Power delivered to load =
EgIa – I2aRa = Ia(Eg - IaRa)= Via
Self-Excited D.C. Generators
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current from
the output of the generator itself is called a self-excited generator.
There are three types of self-excited generators depending upon the
manner in which the field winding is connected to the armature,
namely;
(1) Series generator;
(2) Shunt generator;
(3) Compound generator
(i) Series generator
In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series
with armature winding so that whole armature current flows through
the field winding as well as the load.
Since the field winding carries the whole of load current, it has a few
turns of thick wire having low resistance (Why).
Series generators are rarely used except for special purposes e.g., as boosters.
Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - I(Ra + Rse)
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load
= EgIa – I2(Ra + Rse) = Ia[Eg – Ia(Ra – Rse)] =
VIa or VIL
(ii) Shunt generator
In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature winding so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it.
The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having high resistance
(Why). Therefore, only a part of armature current flows through shunt field
winding and the rest flows through the load.
Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh
Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load = VIL
(iii) Compound generator
In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each
pole—one is in series and the other in parallel with the armature. A compound
wound generator may be:
(a) Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the
armature winding [See Fig. (i)].
(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series
field and armature winding [See Fig.(ii)].
Short shunt
Series field current, Ise = IL
Shunt field current,
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - IaRa - IseRse
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load = VIL
Long shunt
Series field current, Ise = Ia = IL + Ish
Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh
Terminal voltage, V = Eg - Ia(Ra + Rse)
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load = VIL
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The function of a commutator in a dc generator is to
collect the current generated in armature conductors. While in the case of a dc motor, the
commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists
of a set of copper segments which are insulated from each other
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