Presentation topic;
Host blood meal preference on vector competence ;
Presented by;
Khatum un nisa and Saira jabeen;
Mphil 1st kohat university of science and
technology
Department . of zoology.
Submitted to;
Sir Mubashir Hussain.
Introduction:
• Mosquitoes belong to the most important group of disease vectors, as
exemplified by the large number of species involved in the
transmission of human and animal parasites and pathogens. Several of
the world's most prevalent infectious diseases, notably malaria,
lymphatic filariasis, and dengue, as well as less common diseases such
as Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, West Nile
virus, and Usutu virus, are transmitted by mosquitoes. Transmission
between vertebrate hosts is achieved by the blood- feeding habit of
the mosquitoes, which
• feeding habit of the mosquitoes, which enables the disease agents to successfully
become established in and be transmitted by their arthropod hosts. Selection of a
blood host that is essential for the parasite/pathogen to successfully complete its
life cycle is therefore important. The blood-feeding habit of mosquitoes is part of
their intrinsic character, as blood proteins are essential nutrients for egg
production and reproductive fitness (18, 20). In addition to plant sugars, blood also
serves as a source of metabolic energy, depending on the internal state of the
insect (20, 130).
Referances:
• Clements AN. 20. 1992. The Biology of Mosquitoes London: Chapman &
Hall509[Google Scholar]
• AM, Kitron UD. 18. 2010. Blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or
structured?. Front. Zool. 7:3 [Google Scholar]
Effects of host preference blood on vector
competence:
Positive effects:
1. Increased vector competence:Feeding on preferred hosts can enhance
vector competence by providing optimal nutrients for pathogen replication .
2. Improved vector survival: Prefered hosts may provide better nutritional
resources, leading to improved vector survival and increased
opportunities for pathogen transmission
Enhanced pathogen replication: Blood from preferred hosts may contain
factors that enhance pathogen replication, increasing the vector's
infectiousness.
Negative effects:
1. Reduced vector competence: Feeding on non-preferred hosts can
reduce vector competence by providing suboptimal nutrients for
pathogen replication.
2. Decreased vector survival:Non-preferred hosts may provide
inadequate nutritional resources, leading to decreased vector survival
and reduced opportunities for pathogen transmission.
3. Inhibited pathogen replication:Blood from non-preferred hosts
may contain factors that inhibit pathogen replication, reducing
the vector's infectiousness.
References:
24. Muriu SM, Muturi El, Shillu J, Mbugo CM, Mwangang: JM, Jacob BG, et al
host choice and multiple blood fliseding behaviour of malara vectors and
other anophelines in Miwww rice scheme, Kenya Malar 1200874325. Mutun
El Muriu S. Shillu Mwangang 1 lacob i Mbogo C, et al Blood-feeding patterns
of Culer quinquefiruciatus and other culicines and implications for donne
turumession in Mivesa rice scheme. Kenya. Parasitol Res. 2008:1021 574-
526. Arunachalam N, Samuel E. Hinyan Rajendran R. Dash A Short report
observations on the multiple feeding behavior of Culexentaenorhynchus
(Diptera Culicidael, the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Kerala in Southern
India. Am J Trop Med Hyq, 2005:72,198-200,27. Palma M, Lopes dir Canjahn
Oxorin H, Ze-Ze 1, Cutter S1, Nuncia MS Portuguese hosts for Dosithindores
wratious ticks Vector Horne Joonotic De 2013,13(10):775-7
Methods:
Laboratory based experiments:
1 . Choice assays: Offer vectors a choice between different host species or
types to determine preference.
2. No-choice assays: Force vectors to feed on a single host species or
type to assess feeding behavior.
3 . Dual-choice assays: Provide vectors with two host options
simultaneously to evaluate preference.
Field based experiments :
1. Host-baited traps: Use traps baited with different host species or
types to capture vectors and determine preference.
2. Mark-release-recapture: Release marked vectors and recapture
them to determine feeding behavior and host preference.
3. Observational studies: Observe vector behavior in natural settings
to infer host preference.
References:
1. Scott TW, Takken W. Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in
increased risk of pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:114-12
10.1016/[Link].2012.01.001. pmid:22300806 doi:2. Rogers ME, Bates PA. Leishmania
manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. PLoS
Pathog. 2007;3:e91. doi: 10.1371/[Link].0030091. pmid:176044513. Hagedorn
HH. The control of vitellogenesis in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Am Zool.
1974;14:1207-1217.4. Reynolds RA, Kwon H, Smith RC. 20- hydroxyecdysone primes
innate immune responses that limit bacterial and malarial parasite survival in
Anopheles gambiae. mSphere. 2020;5:e00983-19. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00983-19.
pmid:322958745. Upton LM, Povelones M, Christophides GK. Anopheles gambiae blood
feeding initiates an anticipatory defense response to Plasmodium berghei. J Innate
Immun. 2015;7:74-86. doi: 10.1159/000365331. pmid:25247883
Taracena ML, Bottino-Rojas V, Talyuli OAC, Walter-Nuno AB, Oliveira JHM, Angleró-
Rodriguez YI, et al. Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aegypti
susceptibility to dengue virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006498. doi:
10.1371/[Link].0006498. pmid:29782512
Host feeding preferences of malaria
vectors in an low area of transmission :
• Studying the behaviour and trophic preferences of mosquitoes is an
important step in understanding the exposure of vertebrate hosts to
vector- borne diseases. In the case of human malaria, transmission
increases when mosquitoes feed more on humans than on other
animals. In this study, we investigated the feeding behaviour of
Anopheles mosquitoes at two sites in the
• Anopheles mosquitoes at two sites in the Sudanian areas of Senegal where
transmission is low following the implementation of vector control measures. Blood-
fed mosquitoes were collected monthly from July to November 2022 by pyrethrum
spray catches in sleeping rooms of almost all houses in Dielmo and Ndiop villages,
and blood meals were identified as from human, bovine, ovine, equine and chicken by
ELISA.
• The types and numbers of potential domestic animal hosts were recorded in each
village. The Human Blood Index (HBI) and the Manly Selection Ratio (MSR) were
calculated to determine whether hosts were selected in proportion to their
abundance. A total of 1251 endophilic Anopheles females were collected in 115
bedrooms, including 864 blood fed females of 6 species. An. arabiensis and An.
funestus were predominant in Dielmo and Ndiop,
, respectively. Of the 864 blood meals tested, 853 gave a single host positive result
mainly on bovine, equine, human, ovine and chicken in decreasing order in both
villages. Overall, these hosts were not selected in proportion to their abundance. The
human host was under- selected, highlighting a marked zoophily for the vectors. Over
time and space, the HBI were low with no obvious trend, with higher and lower values
observed in each of the five months at different points in each village.
These results highlight the zoophilic and exophagic behaviour of malaria vectors. This
behaviour is likely to be a consequence of the distribution and use of LLINs in both villages
and may increase risk of residual outdoor transmission. This underlines the need to study
the feeding host profile of outdoor resting populations and how domestic animals may
influence malaria epidemiology in order to tailor effective malaria vector control strategies
in the two villages.
Blood meal analysis of anopheles vectors of anopheles
simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies :
• Females Anopheles cracens mosquitoes at different degrees of digestion based on
the 7 stages of Sella scale: (a) Mosquito with empty stomach without blood and
ovaries undeveloped; (b) Mosquito completely engorged with fresh blood that
appeared bright red in colour with ovaries not developed at 6 h after blood meal; (c)
Partially engorged where the anterior region of 5½-6 sternites and 3-4 tergites are
occupied with dark blood at 24 h after blood meal; (d) Blood in the stomach
appeared very dark which occupied the anterior region of 5-5½ sternites and 2-3
tergites at 36 h after blood meal; (e) The blood in the stomach appeared black and
occupied the anterior region of 42-52 sternites and ½-1½ tergites at 48 h after
blood meal; (f) The blood in the stomach appeared black and is only visible on the
ventral side whereas the rest of the
abdomen is filled with developing eggs at 60 h after blood meal; (g) Abdomen full
with eggs with no visible blood at 72 h after blood meal.
Questions:
[Link] is the purpose of a blood analysis ?
[Link] do mosquitoes have preferences?
[Link] disease is cause by vector mosquitoes
?
Thank you