FORGER
Y
OBJECTIVES
After this topic, students will be
able to:
• Define forgery
• Differentiate each type of
forgery
review
Signature is the name of a person written by him/her in
a document as a sign of acknowledgement or a name or
mark that a person puts at the end of a document to
attest that he/she is the author or ratifies its contents
Typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical device
used to type characters onto a medium (paper)
Alteration is any form of changes either an addition or a
deletion to the original content of the document which
is not a part of its original preparation
FORGERY
• an act of simulating or tracing
somebody’s signature without the
latter’s consent for profit
• a legal term that involves not only a
non-genuine document but also with
intent to fraud
• an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any
treasure or bank notes, paper bills, or
Major types
of FORGERY
• Simple Forgery
(Spurious
Signature or
Fraudulent
Signature) – a
forged signature
where no attempt
has been made to
make a copy or
facsimile of the
genuine writing
of a person
purported to sign
Major types
of FORGERY
• Simulated or
Copied Forgery
– a forged
signature
considered as
the most
skillful type of
forgery which
resembles the
genuine
signature
Major types
of FORGERY
• Traced
Forgery – a
forged
signature
which closely
resembles
the genuine
made by
some tracing
process or
Major types of FORGERY
• Forgery using a stamped facsimile
of a genuine or model
• Forgery by computer scanning
SIMULATED
FORGERY
• Copied Forgery or Freehand Imitation
Forgery
• a forged signature considered as the
most skillful type of forgery which
resembles the genuine signature written
in freehand
• executed purely by simulation rather
SIMULATED
FORGERY
• Simulated With Model
a. Direct Technique – forger works
directly with ink
b. Indirect forger works first with a
pencil and afterward covers the
pencil strokes with ink
SIMULATED
FORGERY
• Simulated Freehand Forgery
(Technique)
a. used by forgers who have a
certain skill in writing
b. after some practice, the forger
can write a copy of the model
Traced FORGERY
• Traced Signature
• a forged signature which closely resembles
the genuine one made by some tracing
process or outline form
• the result of an attempt to transfer in a
fraudulent document an exact facsimile of
a signature by tracing process
METHODS OF
TRACING
• Projection or Transmitted Light Process
(Direct Technique) – use of light from the
back or bottom
• Carbon Outline Process – use of carbon
paper
• Indention Process – use of considerable
pressure or canal-like process
INDICATIONS OF simulated and
traced FORGERY
Tremulous and broken connecting strokes between
letters
No rhythm
Carefulness or unusual care and deliberation
No contrast between upward and downward
strokes
Slow writing – angular writing
Blunt beginning and endings
INDICATIONS OF simulated and
traced FORGERY
Absence of spontaneity – lack of
smoothness of letters
Restrained writing – there is lack of
freedom or “inhibited” movements THAT
gives the impression that every stroke is
made with great difficulty. This writing is
small.
No variation
INDICATIONS OF simple forgery
Writing habits of the writer
(forger) is evident in the
forged signature
INDICATIONS OF FORGERY USING
STAMPED FACSIMILE OF A GENUINE
SIGNATURE
Flat strokes
No contrast between upstrokes and down
strokes
Deposit of ink at the junction of two
strokes or where two strokes cross each
other
No variation – all signatures will
superimpose over each other
Crimes called forgeries
Forging the seal of the government, signature
or stamp of the chief Executive (161)
Counterfeiting coins (163)
Mutilation of coins (164)
Forging treasury or bank notes or other
document payable to bearer (166)
Counterfeiting instruments not payable to
bearer (167)
Crimes called forgeries
Falsification of legislative documents (172)
Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or
ecclesiastical minister (171)
Falsification by private individuals (172)
Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone
messages (173)
Falsification of medical certificates, certificates of merit
or service (174)
COUNTERFEITING
• the crime of making, circulating, or uttering false
coins and banknotes
• it means to make a copy of; imitate; to make a
spurious
• When is a coin false or counterfeited?
A coin is false or counterfeited, if it is forged
or not authorized by the Government as legal
tender, regardless of its intrinsic value.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
• Import – to bring them into port. The importation is
complete before entry at the Customs House. (U.S. vs.
Lyman, 26 Fed. Cas. 1024)
• Utter – to pass counterfeited coins. It includes their
delivery or the act of giving them away. A counterfeited
coin is uttered when it is paid, when the offender is
caught counting the counterfeited coins preparatory to
the act of delivering them, even though the utterer may
not obtain the gain he intended. Hence, damage to
another is not necessary.
• Mutilation - to take off part of the metal either by filling it
or substituting it for another metal of inferior quality
COINS AND
BANKNOTES
• COINS
These are pieces of metal stamped by
government authority, for use as money or
collectively referring to metal currency.
• BANKNOTES
A piece of printed paper that represents a
specific value as money. It is payable to the
bearer on demand and the amount payable is
clearly stated on the face of the note.
EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED
COUNTERFEITED BANKNOTE
Together with ultraviolet light, the investigator
should look at the banknote with a hand lens.
He should pay particular attention to the quantity of
the portrait in the banknote. This is the one
extremely fine detail of a good engraved plate.
The color of the ink should be compared with the
color of a genuine banknote. It is very difficult for
counterfeiters to match the same shade of ink by a
genuine manufacturer.
Making of coins
• Casting is the most common method of making gold
coins. Plaster molds bearing an image of gold coins
are filled (at a low temperature) with alloy made with
lead or tin. Some molds are used for high-
temperature metals such as copper or silver alloy
• Striking or Stamping is the making of an impression
of a coin or metal blank by pressure.
• Note: The best place to examine a counterfeit coin is
on the edge since there are usually special milling
marks or designs which are added to a genuine coin
by machinery.
Counterfeit passport
Passports are rarely counterfeited because they are
quite complicated in design and manufacture.
The most usual method of forgery is to steal a genuine
passport and make a change in it.
Many safety features are incorporated in passports and
are easily detected by close inspection. Ultraviolet
light is very useful in this type of examination.
The investigator should look particularly at the
photograph in any passport as identification card. This
is always necessary because sometimes forgers
remove and change or substitute the picture. Hence,
the position of perforation caused by staples and
another pasting device should be studied carefully.