Kabul university

Engineering faculty
Architecture department

Design Drawing I
Geometry Construction

Geometry Construction

1
 Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.
Geometry Construction

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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 Small Circle
Method 2 : Starting with center line
1. Lightly draw a center line.
Geometry Construction

2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.

3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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 Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
the center.
Geometry Construction

2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.

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 Arc
Method 1 : Starting with a square
Geometry Construction

Method 2 : Starting with a center line

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 Geometry Construction

6
 Instrument Sketching
Geometry Construction

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 FILLET AND ROUND

To draw the arc, we must find the location of the center of that arc.

How do we find the center of the arc?

8
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r

9
To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two perpendicular lines
Given arc radius r

center of the arc

Starting point

Ending point

10
 To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r
Geometry Construction

r
r
+
+

11
 To draw an arc of given radius tangent
to two lines
Given arc radius r
Geometry Construction

T.P.1
T.P.2

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To draw a circle tangent to two circles I

Example

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 To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given
Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R
Geometry Construction

+
+
C1 C2

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 To draw a circle tangent to two circles I
Given
Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R
Geometry Construction

center of the arc R + R2

R + R1 C
R
R2
R1
+
+
C1 C2

15
Repeat
 To draw a circle tangent to two circles II
Given
Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R
Geometry Construction

R
R2
R1
+ +
C1 C2

R – R1 C R – R2

16
Repeat
 To draw a circle tangent to two circles III
Given
Two circles and the radius of the third circle = R
Geometry Construction

R2
R1
+ C2
C1 +

R – R1

C R + R2

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Given a point outside a circle, construct
a tangent to the circle from the given
point.
Given: point A not on circle O PROCEDURE:

1) Draw OA.
X 3 1
2) Find the midpoint M of OA
(perpendicular bisector of OA)
3) Construct a 2nd circle with center M
O M and radius MA
A
4) So you get points of tangency at
Construct
X & arcs 1& 2 the
Y where using a suitable
arcs intersect the
Construct
radiusarcs 3& 4 using
greater
red circle the same
than ½AO
( keep5)this
Draw radius
radius for theAX
tangents next step)
& AY
Y 4 2 (greater than ½AO)
You get arcs 5 & 6

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Given a triangle construct the inscribed
circle.
Given: Triangle ABC PROCEDURE:

B 1) Construct the angle bisectors

of angles A, B, & C, to get a point
of intersection and call it F
2) Construct a perpendicular to
side AC from point F, and label
this point G.
F 3) Put your pointer on point F and
set your radius to FG.
4) Draw the circle using F as the
A C center and it should be tangent to
X G Y
all the sides of the triangle.

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Common external tangent to 2 circles
Given circles are with radii R1 and R2 and centers O and P respectively
Draw a circle with radius R1-R2 and center O
Draw a circle with dia. OP cutting the circle with radius R1-R2 at T
Draw a line OT extended cutting the circle with radius R1 at A
Draw a line PB parallel to OA with B lying on the circumference of circle with radius R2
Line AB is the required tangent

R2
R1 A
B
T

O P
R1-R2

NOTE: PT is a tangent from

point P to the circle with
radius R1-R2
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To draw an Square
Given: 4
Side length AB
D C

1 B
A

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To draw an pentagon

I H
D

E
A B

F C G

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To draw an pentagon

I D H

E
A B

F C G

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 To draw an hexagon
Geometry Construction

C B

O A
.
D

E F

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To draw an polygon
Given Side length and Number of sides(7)

3 4
2 5

1 6
0 7

A B

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 To draw an octagone
Geometry Construction

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 Circle

Circle

Double cone Plane horizontally

cuts the cone

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 Ellipse

Ellipse

Plane cuts the cone with angle

Double cone larger than cone angle

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 Parabola

Parabola
Plane cuts the cone with
Double cone angle equal to cone angle

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 Hyperbola

Hyperbola

Plane cuts the cone

Double cone vertically

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 Ellipse
It is a locus of a point moving in a plane such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO
fixed points always remains constant.

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 Steps:
1 Draw a rectangle taking major ELLIPSE
and minor axes as sides. BY RECTANGLE METHOD
2. In this rectangle draw both
axes as perpendicular bisectors
of each other..
3. For construction, select upper
left part of rectangle. Divide
vertical small side and horizontal
long side into same number of D 4
4
Geometry Construction

equal parts.( here divided in four

parts) 3 3
4. Name those as shown..
5. Now join all vertical points 2 2
1,2,3,4, to the upper end of minor
axis. And all horizontal points 1 1
i.e.1,2,3,4 to the lower end of
minor axis. A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B
6. Then extend C-1 line upto D-1
and mark that point. Similarly
extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to
D-2, D-3, & D-4 lines.
7. Mark all these points properly
and join all along with ends A
and D in smooth possible curve.
Do similar construction in right C
side [Link] with lower half of
the [Link] all points in
smooth curve.
It is required ellipse. 32
 ELLIPSE
BY RHOMBUS METHOD

STEPS: 2
1. Draw rhombus of given
dimensions.
2. Mark mid points of all sides &
name Those A,B,C,& D A B
Geometry Construction

3. Join these points to the ends of

smaller diagonals.
4. Mark points 1,2,3,4 as four
centers.
5. Taking 1 as center and 1-A 3 4
radius draw an arc AB.
6. Take 2 as center draw an arc CD.
7. Similarly taking 3 & 4 as centers
and 3-D radius draw arcs DA & D C
BC.

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 PARABOLA
METHOD OF TANGENTS

Solution Steps: C
1. Construct triangle as per the given
14 1
dimensions.
2. Divide it’s both sides in to same [Link] 13
2
equal parts. 12
3
3. Name the parts in ascending and 11
4
Geometry Construction

descending manner, as shown.

10
4. Join 1-1, 2-2,3-3 and so on. 5
5. Draw the curve as shown [Link] to 9
6
all these lines. The above all lines being 8
tangents to the curve, it is called method 7
of tangents. 7 8
6
9
5 10
4 11
3 12
2 13
1
14
A B

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Problem no 17: Draw Involute of a circle. INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length is equal to the circumference of circle.
Solution Steps:
1) Point or end P of string AP is exactly
D distance away from A. Means if this
string is wound round the circle, it will
completely cover given circle. B will P2
meet A after winding.
2) Divide D (AP) distance into 8
number of equal parts. P3
P1
Geometry Construction

3) Divide circle also into 8 number of

equal parts.

2 to p
4) Name after A, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. up to 8
3
on D line AP as well as on circle (in to
p
anticlockwise direction).

op
5) To radius C-1, C-2, C-3 up to C-8

1t
draw tangents (from 1,2,3,4,etc to
circle). 4 to p
6) Take distance 1 to P in compass and P4
4
mark it on tangent from point 1 on 3
circle (means one division less than 5
distance AP). 2
7) Name this point P1 6
op
5t

8) Take 2-P distance in compass and 1

mark it on the tangent from point 2. 7 A 8
6 to p

Name it point P2. 7

P5 to P
9) Similarly take 3 to P, 4 to P, 5 to P up p P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
to 7 to P distance in compass and mark P7
on respective tangents and locate P3, P6 D
P4, P5 up to P8 (i.e. A) points and join
them in smooth curve it is an INVOLUTE
of a given circle.

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 PROBLEM 22: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE CYCLOID
WHICH ROLLS ON STRAIGHT LINE PATH. Take Circle diameter as 50 mm

p4
4
p3 p5
3 5

C p2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 p6 C
Geometry Construction

8
2 6

p1
1 p7
7
P p8

D

Solution Steps:
1) From center C draw a horizontal line equal to D distance.
2) Divide D distance into 8 number of equal parts and name them C1, C2, C3__ etc.
3) Divide the circle also into 8 number of equal parts and in clock wise direction, after P name 1, 2, 3 up to 8.
4) From all these points on circle draw horizontal lines. (parallel to locus of C)
5) With a fixed distance C-P in compass, C1 as center, mark a point on horizontal line from 1. Name it P.
6) Repeat this procedure from C2, C3, C4 upto C8 as centers. Mark points P2, P3, P4, P5 up to P8 on the
horizontal lines drawn from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively.
7) Join all these points by curve. It is Cycloid.
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 Problem 27: Draw a spiral of one convolution. Take distance PO 40 mm. SPIRAL
IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION!
FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR DISPLACEMENT
AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS.
2
Geometry Construction

P2
olution Steps 3 1
P1
With PO radius draw a circle
and divide it in EIGHT parts. P3
Name those 1,2,3,4, etc. up to 8
Similarly divided line PO also in
EIGHT parts and name those 4 P4 O P
1,2,3,-- as shown. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P7
Take o-1 distance from op line
P5 P6
and draw an arc up to O1 radius
vector. Name the point P1
Similarly mark points P2, P3, P4 7
5
up to P8
And join those in a smooth curve.
It is a SPIRAL of one convolution. 6
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 HELIX
(UPON A CYLINDER)
PROBLEM: Draw a helix of one convolution, upon a cylinder. P8
Given 80 mm pitch and 50 mm diameter of a cylinder. 8
(The axial advance during one complete revolution is called P7
The pitch of the helix) 7
P6
6
P5
SOLUTION: 5
Draw projections of a cylinder.
Geometry Construction

Divide circle and axis in to same no. of equal parts. ( 8 ) 4 P4

Name those as shown.
Mark initial position of point ‘P’
3 P3
Mark various positions of P as shown in animation. 2 P2
Join all points by smooth possible curve.
Make upper half dotted, as it is going behind the solid 1 P1
and hence will not be seen from front side.
P
6

7 5

P 4

1 3

2
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 Thanks from your attention!
Geometry Construction

Presenter: Bashir Ahmad Raqi 39