“For we walk by faith, not by sight”
- 2 Corinthians 5:7
Whatever we do, we should rely on our faith rather
than sight. However, we always take “seeing is
believing” as one of our principles of conduct.
UNIT EXPECTED
OUTCOMES
Define science,
technology, and society
Discuss the foundation of
Science, Technology and
Society
Discuss basic concepts of
Science, Technology and
Society
LESSON 2:
INTRODUCTION TO
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY
Science
System of
knowledge
of the natural
world
gained through
the scientific
method.
Science
Natural Science Social Science
Physical Biological Sociology Humanities
Science Science
Physics Biology
Branches of
Chemistry Zoology
Science?
Geology Botany
Meteorology Taxonomy
Astronomy Pathology
Origin of the
Universe?
Origin of the
Planets?
End of the
World?
1) Nuclear war
2) Biological and chemical
warfare
3) Catastrophic climate change
4) Ecological collapse
5) Pandemics
6) Asteroid impact
7) Supervolcanic eruption
8) Solar geoengineering
10) Unknown risks
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
[Link] Galilei
2. Nicolas
Copernicus
3. Charles
Darwin
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
[Link] Galilei
Italian astronomer,
physicist and
engineer, sometimes
described as a
polymath
- Telescope
- Moons of Jupiter
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
2. Nicolas Copernicus
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
3. Charles
Darwin
CHARLES DARWIN FORMULATED THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Scientific
Inquiry
Scientific Inquiry
• is a process that is
used to solve
everyday problems or
questions.
• Scientific Inquiry is also
called the Scientific
Method.
Scientific Inquiry
In biology,
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis formation
3. Hypothesis testing
4. Data Analysis
5. Acceptance or rejection
of the hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS VS
THEORY?
HYPOTHESI
-S
Never really proven
- After many tests → True
- Over time THEORY to
explain natural phenomenon
supported with evidences
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- Takes the form of experimental or
comparative method.
- In ecology, we manipulate variable
Example:
- In 16th century in Europe, Heavier object
fell faster than the lighter objects?
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- In16th century in Europe,
Heavier object fell faster
than the lighter objects?
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Comparative method:
“Effect of smoking on lung cancer in
humans”
1. We cannot expose humans to
cigarette smoke on a daily basis over long
periods
Comparative method:
“Effect of smoking on lung cancer in
humans”
[Link] groups of humans that have voluntarily
smoked for long period (>30 years) vs. never smoked
[Link] the
incidence of cancer
Scientific Inquiry
• is a process that is
used to solve
everyday problems or
questions.
• Scientific Inquiry is also
called the Scientific
Method.
1. Problem/Question:
Develop a
question or problem that can be
solved through
experimentation.
2. Observation/Research: Make
observations and research your
topic of interest.
3. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict
a possible answer to the
problem or question
•
it should answer the
original question, and it
should be testable!
3. Formulate a Hypothesis:
Example: If soil temperatures rise,
then plant growth will increase.
4. Testing the Hypothesis/
Experiment:
- Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be
measurable (quantifiable).
5. Collect and Analyze Results
(Data Analysis)
- Modify the procedure if needed.
- Confirm the results by retesting.
- Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
6. Conclusion:
Include a statement that accepts or
rejects the hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further
study and possible improvements
to the procedure.
7. Communicate the Results:
Be prepared to present the
project to an audience.
Expect questions from the
audience.
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Greek words tekhne
meaning “art or
craft”
and
‘logi meaning a
subject or interest”.
TECHNOLOGY
Practical application
of knowledge
Science of industrial
arts and manufacture
Material products or
result of human
fabrication and making.
TECHNOLOGY
PROCECESS
1. Identification (need)
desire
2. Conceptualization
[Link] or
execution of plan or
design
4. The use of phase.
DEVELOPMENT
VS.
INNOVATIONS
INNOVATIONS
Which involves
commercialization of
prototype inventions
of Research and
Development into
marketable products
or processes.
DEVELOPMENT
Involves
transforming
research findings
into prototype
inventions of new
materials, devices
and processes.
Classification of technology based on a
country’s level of technological sophistication.
1 .First Wave
Technology- Agricultural
Age- comprising the pre- industrial
technologies which are labor-
intensive, small-scale, decentralized
and based on empirical rather than
scientific knowledge.
Classification of technology based on a
country’s level of technological sophistication.
2. Second Wave
technology-
comprising the industrial technologies
which were developed since the time of
industrial revolution until the end of World
War II. These are usually capital-intensive
technologies and are essentially based on
the classical principles of classical physics,
chemistry and biology.
Classification of technology based on a
country’s level of technological sophistication.
3. Third-Wave
technology-
the post-industrial or the high
technologies which are called
science-intensive since they are
based on the modern scientific
knowledge of the structures,
properties and interaction of
molecules, atoms, and nuclei.
SOCIETY
- A group of people living
as a community or an
organized group of
people for a common
purpose.
SOCIETY
Evolution of Societies
1. Hunter and Gatherer
Societies - the most primitive of
all societies.
2. Shifting and
Farming - slash and burn
farming
SOCIETY
Evolution of Societies
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies
[Link] and Processing Societies- the use
of coal marked the start of industrialization.
5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies-
production of synthetic food and other
resources and recycling of nonrenewable
resources.
UNIT EXPECTED
OUTCOMES
Define science,
technology, and society
Discuss the foundation of
Science, Technology and
Society
Discuss basic concepts of
Science, Technology and
Society