KANHA MAKHAN
PUBLIC SCHOOL
MATHURA
PHYSICS PROJECT FILE
Topic: -To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-
1)Output and Input voltage
2)No of turns in secondary coil and primary coil of self designed
transformer
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
MAHI AGRAWAL ARPIT SIR
INDEX
•Acknowledgment
• Certificate
• Introduction
• Theory
• Apparatus
required
• Procedure
followed
• Uses of
transformer
• Sources of Error
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to
thank my physics educator Mr Arpit Bansal
Sir to grand me with this amazing
opportunity to do this physics project .
Also I wish to thank my close friends and
parents who helped me a lot in this project
in collecting data
Without their contagious support it would
not be possible to complete this project.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mahi agrawal
of class 12 A5 has successfully
completed this physics project
work for class 12 practical
examination of Central Board Of
Security Education in the year
2024-2025. It is furthur that this
project is individual work of
candidate.
SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL EXAMINER :-
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER :-
INTRODUCTION
transformer, device that transfers electric energy from
one alternating-current circuit to one or more other
circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing
(stepping down) the voltage. Transformers are employed
for widely varying purposes; e.g., to reduce the voltage of
conventional power circuits to operate low-voltage
devices, such as doorbells and toy electric trains, and to
raise the voltage from electric generators so that
electric power can be transmitted over long distances.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn
of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dф /dt =rate of change of flux in each turn
off the coil at this instant
we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt………………………… (1)
And
Es= -Ns dф/dt…………………….. (2)
So by dividing 2 by 1,
we get:
Es / Ep = - Ns /Np………………..(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the Instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by:
Ip=E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep =Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore:
E – Ep= 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f=input e.m.f Hence final
equation can be written as:
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
=Ns/Np =K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:
A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that
converts the low voltage (LV) and high current from
the primary side of the transformer to the high
voltage (HV) and low current value on the
secondary
IN Aside
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
of the transformer. The reverse of this is
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer
known
that converts the high voltage (HV) and low current
as a step down transformer.
from the primary side of the transformer to the low
voltage (LV) and high current value on the
secondary side of the transformer
The transformer can transfer energy in both
directions, from HV to LV side as well as inversely. That is the reason why it can work as a voltage step- up or step
down transformer Both transformer
types have the same design and construction.
Theoretically, we can operate any transformer as a step-up as well as a step-down type. It only depends on the
energy flowing direction. The HV windings contain a huge number of turns compared with the LV windings. An LV
winding wire has a bigger cross-section than HV wire because of
the higher current value on the LV side. Usually, we place the LV windings close to the transformer core, and over
them, we wound the HV windings.
A step-down transformer is used to provide this
low voltage value which is suitable for
electronics supplying. It transforms home
voltage (230/120 V)
from primary to a low voltage on the side
which is used for electronic supplying.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Iron Rod
• Copper Wire of
different gauge
• Two A.C Voltmeters
• Two A.C Ammeters
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
[Link] iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measurethe input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltageand current through
s 1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner,
etc.
A step down transformer is used for
Welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
Obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
Production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage
Regulators and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the
Transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio
Sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1)
Values of current can be changed
due to heating effect.
2)
The eddy current can change the
readings.
CONCLUSION
1)
The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.
2)
The output voltage of the transformer
Across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage.
3)
There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTION
1) Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2) While taking the readings of current and
voltage the A.C should remain constant.
3) Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving
two free ends P1 P2.
4) Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100] of thin
insulated copper wire on the opposite arm of
the core leaving two free end S1 & S2.
5) Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c.
supply source and secondary to a.c. volt meter
of suitable range.
6) Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to
measure the input voltage.
BIBLIOGR
APHY
References are taken from textbook
of class 12 physics ncert book,
Online websites, google chrome
ONLINE WEBSITES USED :-
[Link]
[Link]