Electromagnetic

Induction
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is defined as the
production of an electromotive force across an electrical
conductor in a changing magnetic field.
Magnetic flux 𝜙 : The magnetic flux through any surface placed in a magnetic
field is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing this
surface normally.
Suppose a magnetic field 𝐵 makes an angle 𝜃
with the normal drawn to surface area A,

𝜙 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 ×
then the magnetic flux linked with this area is

𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 𝐵 cos 𝜃 × 𝐴
= 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

= 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ

Here the direction of vector 𝐴Ԧ is the direction of the outward drawn normal to
the surface. Hence, magnetic flux is the dot product of two vectors B and A. So
When 𝜃 = 0° ie, the normal to the surface area is parallel to magnetic field
Special cases:

𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 0° = 𝐵𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

When 𝜃 = 90° ie, the normal to the surface area is perpendicular to
then

magnetic field then 𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 90° = 0 𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Dimension formula for magnetic flux: Now we have,
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 𝐴 𝐿2 =
𝐹
𝑞 𝑣 𝑀𝐿𝑇
sin 𝜃−2
= of magnetic
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐿𝑇 −
1
𝑀𝐿2𝑇−22𝐴−1
SI unit, since 𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 = 1 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎 × 1𝑚 = 1𝑇𝑚2 = 1 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
Units flux:

tesla acts normally over an area of 1𝑚2.

Hence, one weber is the flux produced when a uniform magnetic field of one

1𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 10−8𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
In CGS system, unit of magnetic flux is Maxwell
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction
It states that
First law: Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an
emf (and hence a current) is induced in it which lasts only so long as the change
in flux is taking place. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic
induction.
Second law: The induced emf is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux
𝑖𝑒, 𝜀 = 𝑑𝑡
linked with the closed circuit.
−
Where – 𝑣𝑒 sign shows that the direction of induced current opposes the
𝑑𝜙

cause which produces it, 𝑖𝑒, it opposes the change in magnetic flux.
If the coil contains N number of turns then
𝜀=
𝑑
−𝑁 𝑑𝜙
𝑡
 Lenz’s
It states that ‘ the direction of induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes
law
the cause or the change which produces it.
Suppose a closed coil placed near a bar magnet south pole pointing towards it.
As the magnet is moved towards the coil, flux linked with the coil change, so
that emf is induced and an induced current flows in the coil. This current
produced in the coil opposes the moving magnet.
But as the magnet is moved away from the coil, the induced emf again produces
current but in opposite direction as before. So the magnet will be attracted by
the magnetic field due to induced current.
Hence, this shows that current due to induced
emf produces magnetic field such that it opposes
the motion of the magnet which is the cause
producing the current.
Lenz law is in accordance with the conservation of energy:
Suppose a closed coil placed near a bar magnet with the south pole pointing
towards the coil. When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the flux linked with
the coil changes so that an emf is induced in it and a current flows in the coil. Due
to this current, a magnetic field is produced in the coil which opposes the
approaching magnet. We have to do work to move magnet toward the coil and
therefore, mechanical energy is applied to move the magnet. That is mechanical
energy is converted into electrical energy in the coil.
Similarly, if the magnet is moved away from the coil, the induced current in the
coil produces a magnetic field which attracts the bar magnet moving away from
the coil. In this way energy changes from one form to another form in Lenz law
and similar condition can be obtained while moving
the magnet away from the coil. Hence, Lenz law is in
accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
 Fleming’s Right
Hand
It states that ‘ Rule
if the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of right hand are
stretched such that the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor and
fore finger shows the direction of magnetic field then the middle finger shows
the direction of induced current’.
Suppose a straight conductor PQ having length 𝑙 moving at right angle to a
Induced emf in a straight conductor moving in a uniform magnetic field:

uniform vertical magnetic B with a velocity 𝑣. Let the conductor moves through
a small distance 𝑥 in time t, then the area swept out

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑥

by the conductor is

𝜙 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥
Magnetic flux linked with the area A is

Now, from Faraday’s law, the magnitude of induced emf

in a conductor is
� = 𝑑𝜙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥 = 𝐵𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐵𝑙𝑣makes an angle 𝜃 with magnetic field
𝑑 𝑑𝑡 of conductor
If the�speed
then
Induced emf in a coil rotating in a magnetic field:
Suppose a rectangular coil of N number of turns, each coil having area A. let the

angular velocity 𝜔 about an axis perpendicular to the field. 𝜃 is the angle

coil be rotated in anticlockwise direction in a uniform magnetic field B with

made by normal to the coil with magnetic field. The magnetic flux linked with
each turn of the coil is
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡
Now, from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
𝜀=
𝑑
−𝑁 𝑑𝜙
𝑡
𝑑 𝐴𝐵 cos
= −𝑁 𝑑
𝜔𝑡 𝑡
𝑑 cos 𝜔𝑡
= −𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑁𝐴𝐵
 𝑜𝑟, 𝜀 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔 sin
𝜔𝑡…………. (𝑖) For 𝜀 to be
𝑖𝑒, 𝜀0sin
maximum, 𝜔𝑡 = 1
= 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔
Therefore equation (𝑖) becomes,
𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝐼
If the resistance of the coil is R then the current flowing through the coil is

= �𝗌
�
𝗌 0 sin
𝑜𝑟, 𝐼 =
𝑜𝑟, 𝐼 =0 𝑅 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡; where 𝐼 = = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝜔𝑡 𝗌0

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
0 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡.
�
This is the induced value current.�It is the instantaneous value of current.
 A.C.
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is
knownGenerator
as A.C. generator. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
It consists of
a) Armature: Armature coil ABCD consists of a large number of
turns of insulated copper wire wound over soft iron core.
b)Strong field magnet: The armature is rotated in a
strong uniform magnetic field perpendicular to axis.

connected to two brass slip rings 𝑅1and 𝑅2. These

c)Slip rings: The two ends of the armature coil are

d)Brushes: Two carbon brushes 𝐵1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 are pressed

rings rotate along with the armature coil.

in slip rings through which out put is taken. The brushes

remains fixed while slip rings rotate along the armature.
 Self
inductance
It is the property of coil by virtue of which it opposes the growth or decay of
current flowing through it.

magnetic flux 𝜙 linked with the coil is proportional to the current flowing
If I is the current flowing through a coil then experimentally it is found that the

𝑖𝑒, 𝜙 𝖺 𝐼
𝑜𝑟, 𝜙
= 𝐿𝐼;
where L is proportionality constant known as coefficient of
self induction or self inductance.
Now from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
𝑑𝜙
𝜀 = − 𝑑𝑡 = −
𝑑 =
𝑑
𝑜𝑟, 𝐿 �
𝐿𝐼 𝑑 𝑡
� −𝐿 𝑑𝐼
𝑡
=
𝑑
−𝐼
= 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿
𝑑 𝑑𝑡
𝐼
𝑑
− =𝜀
If
𝑡
Hence, coefficient of self induction is defined as the induced emf in the coil if
rate of decrease in current in the coil is unity. Its unit is henry H in SI units.
Dimension formula of L:
Now we have, 𝐿
�

=
𝑑
−𝐼
�
𝑑𝑡

=
��

ൗ𝑞 𝑑
−𝑑

=
𝐼𝑡
�
𝑞 �𝑑
𝑡
=
𝑑𝐼
−
𝐹×𝑑 2 −
= 𝐼𝑑
𝑀𝐿 𝑇
2 𝐴
2
𝐼𝑀𝐿2𝑇−2𝐴
=
−2
length 𝑙, cross sectional area A and number of turns
Factor affecting the self inductance: suppose a solenoid a long solenoid of

per unit length n. If I is the current flowing through

solenoid then magnetic field produced inside the
coil is 𝐵 = 𝜇0𝑛𝐼
The total number of turns in a solenoid is 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑙. So, the total magnetic
flux linked with the solenoid 𝜙 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑛𝑙𝐴𝜇0𝑛𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴𝐼
Also, the magnetic flux linked with the coil is 𝜙 = 𝐿𝐼
Now we have, 𝐿𝐼 =
𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴𝐼
𝑜𝑟, 𝑜𝑟,
𝐿 =𝐿𝜇= 𝑛𝜇2 𝑙𝐴
2
0
0𝑁
2𝑙 2
∴ 𝐿 =
𝜇0 𝑁
𝑙𝐴
 Mutual
induction
It is the phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil due to rate of change of current or
change in magnetic flux linked with a near by coil.
If 𝐼𝑝 is the current flowing through a primary coil then experimentally it is found
that the magnetic flux 𝜙𝑠 linked with the secondary coil is proportional to the
current flowing through it
𝑖𝑒, 𝜙𝑠 𝖺 𝐼𝑝
𝑜𝑟, 𝜙𝑠 where, M is proportionality constant known as coefficient of
= 𝑀𝐼𝑝 ; mutual induction or mutual inductance.
Now from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
𝑑𝜙𝑠 𝑑 𝑀𝐼𝑝 = −𝑀
𝜀𝑠 = − = 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝗌
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀 𝑑𝐼𝑝 𝑑𝐼 𝑡 𝑡
−
= 𝑑𝐼
𝑠
𝑝
−𝑑
If − = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑀 �
𝑝 𝑡

= 𝜀𝑡 𝑑
�
Hence, coefficient of mutual induction is defined as the induced emf in the secondary
coil if rate of decrease in current in the primary coil is unity. Its unit is henry H in SI
units.
Factor affecting the coefficient of mutual induction:
Suppose two solenoids 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2such that the solenoid 𝑆2 completely surrounds
the solenoid 𝑆1. The two solenoids are so closely wound that they have the same
area of cross sectional A. Let 𝑁1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁2 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 total number of turns of
solenoids 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 respectively.
If 𝐼1 be current flowing through
𝑆1then magnetic field� 1 inside the
𝐵1 = 𝜇0𝑛1𝐼1 = �𝑙 � 1
solenoid 𝑆1
𝜇0 flux linked with solenoid
�
𝑆2
Magnetic

𝜙2 == 2𝑁2𝐵 𝐴
1𝐼 𝐴……….
1 �
𝑙 1
𝑁 𝜇0
�
(i)
Also the magnetic flux linked with secondary coil is
𝜙𝑠 = 𝑀12𝐼1……….. (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) we get,
𝐼1
�1
𝑀12𝐼1 = 𝑙
𝑁 𝜇 𝑁1𝐴
𝑜𝑟,2𝑀 0 = 𝑁
�

12 2 𝑙
0 𝜇
∴ 1 = 𝐴
𝑙
𝑀 2
Similarly,𝜇 0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
� 2 =
𝑙
�1 𝜇 0 𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝐴
In general,
M=
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑙
Mutual inductance due to two plane circular coils: (For numerical purpose)
The magnetic field due to first coil 1 =
2𝑟
𝐵
The flux linked with second coil placed 𝜇in0 𝑁11 𝐼 magnetic field of first coil
the
𝜙2 = 𝑁2𝐵1𝐴2
= 𝜋𝑟22 ………..
𝜇0
2 𝑁1
2𝑟𝐼
𝑁
Also, 𝜙2 = 𝑀𝐼 …………. (ii)
1
(𝑖)

From equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖) we get,

𝑀𝐼 2 𝑁1 𝐼 𝜋 22
𝜇0
2𝑟
= 𝑁 𝜇01 𝑟 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀 2 𝑁1 𝜋 2
2𝑟
=𝑁 𝑟
∴ 𝑀 𝜇20 𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝜋2
1

𝑟 2𝑟
= 1
 Energy stored in an
inductor
Suppose an inductor of inductance L having initially zero current. Let I be the

solenoid 𝜀
𝑑
current flowing through a solenoid then the induced emf between the end of
𝐼
𝑑
= 𝐿rate to which
𝑡 energy to be delivered to an inductor

𝑃 = 𝜀𝐼
The

= 𝐿𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝐼

The small𝐼energy supplied to the inductor in a small time is

𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿𝑑𝑡𝑑𝐼
𝐼𝑑𝑡
=
𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼
The total amount of work done is obtained by integrating the above relation
𝐼
𝑊 =‫׬‬
𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼 𝐼
0
=𝐿‫׬‬
𝐼𝑑𝐼 �
0

= 𝐼 �
𝐿
0
2
= 𝐼2 −
2
𝐿 2022
= 2
𝐿 𝐼
This amount of work done is stored in an inductor is in the form of potential

𝑖𝑒, 𝑊 = 𝑈
energy

∴𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼;
1 2
2
this is the required expression of energy stored in an inductor.
 Transformer
It is an electric device used to convert low alternating voltage at high current into
high alternating voltage at low current and vice versa. It works on the principle of
mutual induction.
When an a.c. source is connected to the primary coil, an alternating current
flows through it. The current produced a magnetic field, so the magnetic flux
linked with the coil is changed. The changing magnetic flux induces an
alternating emf in the secondary coil. The iron core is capable of coupling the

𝑎𝑛𝑑
whole magnetic flux produced by primary coil with the secondary coils.𝑁𝑝
𝑁𝑠 are
Now fromtheFaraday’s
number lawof turns in primary andinduction,
of electromagnetic secondarythe
coilsinduced
respectively.
emf in the
primary coil is
𝜀� = −𝑁𝑃
𝑑𝜙
……….
𝑑𝑡 in the secondary coil is
(i)
�
The induced emf
𝜀� = −𝑁 𝑠
𝑑𝜙
……….
𝑑𝑡
(ii)
�
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
𝑑𝜙
�𝑠 −𝑁𝑠 �
𝗌� = 𝑑
−𝑁𝑃
𝑑𝜙
𝑡
=𝑁
�𝑠 ………..
𝑑
𝑃 (iii) 𝑡 𝑃
 2
𝜇0 𝑁
Also, from coefficient of self induction, 𝐿 = 𝑙
𝑁𝑠
= =𝑘 𝐴
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑁
𝐿𝑠𝑃
𝐿𝑃
equation (iii) becomes,
𝗌𝑠 𝑁𝑠= 𝐿𝑠
= ………
𝗌𝑃 𝑁 𝑃
(iv)
𝑖𝑒, 𝐿out
For ideal transformer
there is no loss of energy
𝑃

𝑜𝑟, 𝜀𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝜀𝑃 𝐼𝑃
put power = input power

𝑜𝑟, =
𝗌𝑠 𝗌𝑃
Therefore 𝐼𝑃
𝐼 𝑆equation (iv) becomes
𝗌𝑠 𝑁𝑠= 𝐿𝑠
𝗌 𝑃 = 𝑁𝑃 𝐿𝑃 =
𝐼𝐼 𝑃
𝑆
Efficiency: The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of out put
power and input power.
𝑖𝑒, 𝜂 =𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑜 𝑢 𝑡
×
100% 𝗌𝑠 𝐼
=𝑠 ×
100%
𝗌𝑃 𝐼
efficiency is 100% but for real transformer it is not
100%. So there are some losses in transformer which decreases the efficiency.
𝑃
For ideal transformer,

Note:
1. For step- down transformer
𝑘 < 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝑠 < 𝑁𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀𝑃
2. For step- up transformer
𝑘 > 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑃
 Energy losses in a
transformer
There are different loss in a transformer
 Copper losses
 Flux losses
 Iron losses
• Eddy current losses
• Hysteresis losses
 loss due to vibration of core
 Eddy currents (Foucault’s
currents)
The induced circulating currents produced in a metal itself due to change in
magnetic flux linked with the metal are called eddy currents.
Application of eddy currents:
 Induction furnace.
 Diathermy.
 Speedometer.
 Eddy current damping or dead beat galvanometer.
 Electromagnetic brakes.
 Energy meters.