“Chapter 3”

NETWORK
ANALYSIS
 NETWORK LAWS, THEOREMS AND
PRINCIPLES

KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first described
two laws that became central to electrical engineering-
the Kirchhoff's Current Law (also known as Kirchhoff's
Junction Law, and Kirchhoff's First Law) and the Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law.

These laws are extremely useful in real life because they

describe the relation of values of currents that flow
through a junction point and voltages in an electrical
circuit loop. They describe how electrical current flows in
all of the billions of electric appliances and devices, as
well as throughout homes and businesses, that are in use
continually on Earth.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
The algebraic sum of currents at any node (or in general, any closed
surface in an electrical network) is zero. Here, currents entering and
current leaving the node must be assigned opposite algebraic signs.

The sum of currents entering a node must equal the sum of currents
leaving this node.
a
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
Compute the current through resistor R3 using KCL if it is known
that the voltage source supplies a current of 3A.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
Compute the current through resistor R3 using KCL if it is known
that the voltage source supplies a current of 3A.

At Node a:
a b ir1 = ia + 2
or
ia = ir1 – 2

At Node b:

ia = i – 5
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
Compute the current through resistor R3 using KCL if it is known
that the voltage source supplies a current of 3A.

a b
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
If ix = 3A and the 18V source delivers 8A of current, what is the
value of Ra?

a b
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
If ix = 3A and the 18V source delivers 8A of current, what is the
value of Ra?

8A Ib
a b

Ia

At node a: 8 = Ia + Ib
At node b: Ib + 13 = ix
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
If ix = 3A and the 18V source delivers 8A of current, what is the
value of Ra?

8A Ib
a b

Ia

At node b: Ib + At node a: 8 = Ia + Ib ; Using ohm’s law:

13 = 3; Ia = 8 – R = V / I
Ib; R = 18 / 18 = 1ohm
Ib = -10A Ia = 8 –
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
When the current flows in an
element from the lower potential
point towards a higher potential
point, a voltage rise is
encountered. Voltage drop is
encountered when the current
flows in an element from the
higher potential terminals toward
the lower potential terminals, as
in the case of current flow
through a load.

The algebraic sum of all voltage

around any closed loop in an
electric circuit is zero. Here a
voltage rise may be taken with a
positive sign while a voltage drop
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
When the current flows in an
element from the lower potential
point towards a higher potential
point, a voltage rise is
encountered. Voltage drop is
encountered when the current
flows in an element from the
higher potential terminals toward
the lower potential terminals, as
in the case of current flow
through a load.

The algebraic sum of all voltage

around any closed loop in an
electric circuit is zero. Here a
voltage rise may be taken with a
positive sign while a voltage drop
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

Determine ix and vx?

KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

3 + 1 + vx = 0
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

vx = -4V
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

ix = vx / rx
ix = -4 / 10 = -
400mA
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

At node a: At node b:
5 = i4 + i10 i4 + ix = i2
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

Using KVL: 60 – v8 – v10 = 0 Using KCL 5 = i4 + i10

60 – 8(5) – 10(i10) = 0 at node a: i4 = 5 - i10
10(i10) = 60 -40 i4 = 5–2
i10 = 2A i4 = 3A
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

Using KVL: 60 – v8 – v4 – v2 = 0 Using v2 = 2(i2)

60 – 8(5) – 4(3) – 2(i2) ohm’s law v2 = 2(4)
=0 v2 = 8V
2(i2) = 60 -40-12 vx = v2 = 8V
i2 = 4A
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW

iA + iB = iC + iD +
iE
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
iA + iB = iC + iD + iE

a)
iB = iC + iD + iE – iA
iB = 3 + (-2) + 0 – 1
iB = 0A

b)
iE = iA + iB - iC - iD
iB = (-1) + (-1) – (-1) – (-
1)
iB = 0A
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
In the circuit shown, the resistor values are unknown
but the 2V source is known to be supplying a current of
7A to the rest of the circuit. Calculate i2..
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
a iab b

7A

Using KCL Using KCL

7 = iab + i2 iab + 3 = 1
at node a: at node b:
iab = 1 – 3
iab = -2A
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
a iab b

7A

Using KCL 7 = iab + i2

at node a: 7 = -2 + i2
i2 = 7 + 2
i2 = 9A
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
Using KVL: v1 – v2 + v3 = 0

a)
v1 = v 2 - v 3
v1 = 0 – (-17) = 17V

b)
v1 = v 2 - v 3
v1 = -2 – (2) = -4V

c)
v2 = v 1 + v 3
v2 = 7 + 9 = 16V

d)
v3 = v 2 – v 1
v3 = -1.7 – (-2.33) = 0.63V
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
Use KVL to obtain the value for the current labeled i.
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
Use KVL to obtain the value for the current labeled i.

10 – 2i - 1.5 - 1.5 - 2i – 2i + 2 - 1 – 2i = 0
8i = 8
i = 1A
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

iab

i10 i2

Using KCL Using KVL: 30 – v8 – v10 = 0

2 = i10 + iab
at node a: 30 – 8(2) – 10(i10) = 0
10(i10) = 30 -16
i10 = 1.4A
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

iab

i10 i2

Using KCL Using KVL: 30 – v8 – vab – v2 = 0

2 = i10 + iab
at node a: 30 – 8(2) – 2(0.6) – 2(i2) =
2 = 1.4 + iab
0
Iab = 0.6A
2(i2) = 30-16-1.2
i2 = 12.8A
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Determine vx in the circuit

a b

iab

i10 i2

Using v2 = 2(i2)
ohm’s law v2 = 2(5.4)
v2 = 10.8V
vx = v2 = 12.8V
 MESH ANALYSIS
The solution of complex networks are frequently be simplified
by using a system of loop or mesh current instead of branch
currents of the frequently (Kirchhoff’s Law) procedure. First
proposed by James Clerk Maxwell. This method involves a set
of independent loop or mesh currents assigned to as many
meshes as exists in the circuit. The magnitude of the current
passing through in each resistor is the algebraic sum of the
mesh currents passing through it. This method is only
applicable to a circuit that is planar.

A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within
it.

A super mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or

independent) current source in common.
MESH ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
For loop 1:

42 = i1 (6 + 3) – i2 (3)
42 = i1 (9) – i2 (3)

For loop 2:

10 = i2 (4 + 3) – i1 (3)
10 = i2 (7) – i1 (3)

I1 = 6A
I2 = 4A
I1 – i2 = 2A
 MESH ANALYSIS
Determine the mesh currents.
 MESH ANALYSIS
For loop 1:

Determine the mesh currents. -6 + i1 (14 + 5 +5) – i2 (5+5)

=0
6 = i1 (24) – i2 (10)

For loop 2:

5 + i2 (5 + 5 +10) – i1 (5 + 5)
=0
-5 = i2 (20) – i1 (10)

I1 = 184.2mA
I2 = -157.9mA
 MESH ANALYSIS
Determine the mesh currents.
 MESH ANALYSIS
For loop 1:

Determine the mesh currents. -5 - 2 + i1 (4 + 2) – i2 (2) = 0

7 = i1 (6) – i2 (2)

For loop 2:

1 + 2 + i2 (5 + 2) – i1 (2) = 0
-3 = i2 (7) – i1 (2)

I1 = 1.132A
I2 = -0.1053A
 MESH ANALYSIS
Determine the mesh currents.
 MESH ANALYSIS
For loop 1:
Determine the mesh currents.
-7 + 6 + i1 (1 + 2) – i2 (1) – i3 (2) = 0
i1 (3) – i2 (1) – i3 (2) = 1

For loop 2:

i2 (1 + 2 +3) – i1 (1) - i3 (3) = 0

i2 (6) – i1 (1) - i3 (3) = 0

For loop 3:

-6 + i3 (1 + 2 +3) – i1 (2) – i2 (3) = 0

i3 (6) – i1 (2) – i2 (3) = 6

I1 = 3A
I2 = 2A
I3 = 3A
THANK
YOU!
C