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Probability Formulas and Concepts

The document outlines fundamental concepts of probability, including definitions of simple and compound events, as well as independent and dependent events. It explains key formulas for calculating probabilities, such as the probability of unions and intersections of events, and introduces conditional probability. Additionally, it provides examples of probability calculations involving colored marbles.

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osssu65
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4 views11 pages

Probability Formulas and Concepts

The document outlines fundamental concepts of probability, including definitions of simple and compound events, as well as independent and dependent events. It explains key formulas for calculating probabilities, such as the probability of unions and intersections of events, and introduces conditional probability. Additionally, it provides examples of probability calculations involving colored marbles.

Uploaded by

osssu65
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Probability

P(A) = n(A) / n(S)


P(A Ո B) = n(A Ո B) / n(S) “A and B”
If A and B are mutually exclusive. So, AՈB = ϕ
P(A U B) = n(A U B) / n(S)
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A Ո B)
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B), if A and B are mutually exclusive.
Probability
• À refers to the non occurring of the event.
• We can conclude that P(A) + P(À) = 1.
• P(A - B) = n(A - B) / n(S) “A only”
• In another terms, P(A Ո Ḃ)
• If A and B are mutually exclusive. So, A – B = A
• If A – B = ϕ. So, A is subset of B.
Some definitions
• Simple event: with only one outcome.
• Compound event: consists of 2 or more events.
• Independent events: 2nd event is not related to 1stone.
• Dependent event: both are related.
Independent events
• If the occurrence of any event is completely unaffected by the
occurrence of any other event.
• P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)
Dependent events
• Events which are affected by other events.
• P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B following A)
Conditional probability
• Probability of A when B occurs first.
• P(A I B) = P(A Ո B) / P(B).
• If P(A Ո B) = P(A) * P(B). So, A and B are independent events.
• So, P(A I B) = P(A) * P(B) / P(B). So, P(A I B) = P(A).
• This indicates that when B occurs, A is not affected.
Q1
• P(R) = 4 / 8 =1 / 2
• Since the red marble is kept: 3 red, 2 blue, 2 green
• P(non-red ∣ R) = 2 + 2 / 7= 4 / 7 ​
• Probability of this case occurring =1 / 2 × 4 / 7 = 4 / 14
• P(B or G) = 2 + 2 / 8 = 4 / 8 = 1 / 2
• P(R) = 4 / 8 = 1 / 2​
• Probability of this case occurring = 1 / 2 × 1 / 2 = 1 / 4​
• The summation, 4 / 14 + 1 / 4 = 15 / 28
• A + B = 15 + 28 = 43

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