Building Technology

Chapter – Five
Doors and Windows

Lecturer: Er Suman Bhattarai

[Link]. In Construction Management
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Contents:

• Doors parts: frame, shutter and their details (Based on shutter and
operation).
• Windows: types and details (Based on shutter and operation).
• Ventilators types and details (Introduction only).

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 DOORS
• The function of a door is to give access to building and to different parts of
the building and to deny the access whenever necessary.
• Number of doors should be minimum possible.
• The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the
movement of the largest object likely to use the doors.
• In case of the residential buildings, the size of the door should not be less
than 0.9 m × 2.0 m.
• Larger doors may be provided at main entrance to the building to enhance the
aesthetic view.
• Minimum sized doors are used for bathrooms and water closets. The size
recommended is 0.75 m × 1.9 m.
• As a thumb rule height of door should be 1 m more than its width.
 DOORS

method of
arrangement
construction
of door
components

Framed
Wire
and Glazed Flush Louvere
Gauged
Panelled Doors Doors d Doors
Doors
Doors

Battened,
Battened, Battened,
Battened Ledged,
Ledged Ledged
and Braced
and and
Ledged and
Braced Framed
Doors: Framed
Doors: Doors
Doors
 TYPES OF DOORS
Battened and Ledged Doors:
• Battens are 100 mm to 150 mm wide
and 20 mm thick wooden boards.
• Their length is that of door opening.
The battens are connected by
horizontal planks, known as ledges of
size 100 to 200 mm wide and 30 mm
thick.
• Usually three ledges are used one at
top, one at bottom and the third one at
mid-height.
• This is the simplest form of door and
the cheapest also. Battens are secured
by tongued and grooved joint.
Battened, Ledged and Braced
Doors:
• If doors are wide apart from
using battens and ledges
diagonal members, known as
braces, are provided to
strengthen the door.
• Sometimes above two types of
shutters are provided within
wooden framework and in
those cases they may be called
as battened, ledges and framed
doors.
 Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
•For the simple battened and ledged door, framework is provided in the form of
two verticals, known as stiles.
•Stiles are generally 100mm wide and as far as thickness is concerned, the
thickness of stile should be equal to the combined thickness of ledge and batten.
Preferably 40 mm.

Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors

•In this type, the door made up of battens, ledges, stiles and braces. So, it is more
rigid.
•The braces are connected diagonally between the ledges, at about 40mm from the
stiles.
3. Framed and Panelled Doors:

• This type of door consists of vertical members, called styles

and horizontal members called rails.
• The styles and rails are suitably grooved to receive panels.
• The panels may be of wood, A.C. sheet, glasses etc.
• The panels may be flat or of raised type to get good
appearance.
• These are very commonly used doors.
• They may be of single shutter or of double shutter.
• If glass panels are used they may be called as glazed doors.
Figure: Panelled and lazed doors
4. Flush Doors:
• The shutters of these doors are made of plywood or
block boards.
• They are of uniform thickness.
• These shutters are available with different attractive
veneer finishes.
• The time consumed in making such doors at site is
quite less.
• These doors are suitable for interior portion of a
building.
• Nowadays flush doors are commonly used in
residential and office buildings.
Figure: Flush door
5. Louvered Doors:
• Whenever privacy as well as ventilation is required
such doors can be used.
• Louvers are the glass, wooden or A.C. sheet strips fixed
in the frame of shutter such that they prevent vision but
permit free passage of air.
• The doors may be fully or partially louvered.
• Such doors are commonly used for public bathrooms
and latrines.

Figure: Louvered door

Wire Gauged Doors
• Wire gaged doors permits natural ventilation
and restrict the entry of flies, mosquitoes,
insects etc.
• These doors are commonly used in hotels,
restaurants and for cup boards containing
eatables.
Revolving Doors:

• It consist of a centrally placed pivot to which

four radiating shutters are attached.
• The central pivot is supported on ball bearing
at the bottom and has a bush bearing at the
top. The shutters may be partly or fully made
up of glass.
• A circular space of entrance is provided
within which shutters rotate. As shutters
rotate they give entrance on one side and exit
on other side.
• These doors are preferred in public buildings
like stores, banks, hotels, theatres where
continuous use of doors is necessary.
• They are very much required in entrance to
Figure: Revolving door
air conditioned public buildings.
 Swing Doors:
• Swing door has its shutter attached to the
frame by means of double action springs.
• Hence shutter can move both inward and
outward. They may be single shuttered or
double shuttered. Such doors are preferred in
offices and banks.
• Since these doors can open on both sides it is
desirable to provide glass panels or peep
holes to enable user to see the persons from
Figure: Plan of swing door
other side.
 Sliding Doors:
• In this type of doors, shutter slides on the sides. For this
purpose runners and guide rails are provided.
• Sliding shutters may be one, two or even three. Such doors
are used in banks, offices etc.

Figure: Plan of sliding door

Collapsible Doors:
• Steel channels 16 to 20 mm wide are used as
verticals.
• They are placed with 12 to 20 mm gap.
• Steel flats 16 mm to 20 mm wide and 5 mm
thick are hinged to them.
• The rollers are provided at their top as well as at
bottom so that shutter can be pulled or pushed
side ways with slight force.
• There may be single or double shutters.
• These doors are used for additional safety.
• They are commonly used for front doors , bank Figure: Collapsible steel door
locker rooms, school and college entrance doors.
Rolling Shutters:
• It consists of a frame, a drum and
a shutter made of thin steel plates.
• The width of the door may vary
from 2 to 3 m.
• The shutter moves on steel guides
provided on sides and can easily
roll up.
• For this counterbalancing is made
Figure: Rolling shutter
with helical springs on the drum.
• The shutter can be easily pulled
down.
• This type of doors are commonly
used as additional doors to shops,
offices, banks, factory, buildings
from the point of safety.
Windows
• Windows are fundamental to bringing more comfort to a room.
• Besides the desired connection between the interior and exterior, it is through their
openings that it is possible to provide natural lighting and ventilation to the rooms.

• Window frames are made of aluminum, steel, wood or PVC.

• There are several technologies for choosing the glasses and treatments they can
receive.
• Light quality in the room can be improved through these treatments, as well as
thermal and acoustic insulation.
Windows
• While providing views, daylight and natural ventilation, these insulate from cold
and heat, protect from external threats and enhance a facade’s appearance.
• They are also associated with a strong poetic or symbolic value; it is through them
that we are able to connect with and enjoy our surroundings, be it a beautiful
natural landscape or a dense urban environment.
• An expressive part of any building, windows serve as a visual bridge between the
inside and outside, acting somewhat as a refreshing escape from our everyday
routine.
• With countless practical and ornamental functions, choosing the right type of window
is critical and cannot be taken lightly.
• It must fit certain spatial requirements, address users’ specific needs and respond to
pre-existing conditions like orientation, climate and location.
• However, the infinite options available in the market make the decision quite
complex.
• Windows can vary in size, thickness, glass type, framing material, movement, sealing
method and degree of transparency. And if the decision wasn’t already complex
enough, modern technologies have also developed innovative glass features that range
from fireproof panels to security and sound-proofing properties.
• Together and in various combinations, all of these factors can greatly impact
ventilation, lighting, energy efficiency and safety, as well as define a project’s identity
and aesthetic language.
• Various windows used may be classified on the basis of materials used,
types of shutters, types of openings of shutters and the position of windows.
• Timber, steel and aluminium are commonly used to make window frames.
Timber may get termite attacks ,steel may rust but aluminium do not have
any such defects. However they are costly.
• Shutters of windows may be panelled, glazed or louvered. Louvered
windows are generally used for bathrooms and toilets where vision is not to
be allowed but ventilation is required. Lower parts panelled and upper parts
glazed windows are commonly used. Instead of panelled one may think of
using translucent glasses.
• Window shutters may be fixed, centrally pivoted, sliding type or double
hung.
•Depending upon the position of windows, they
may be classified as:
• (a) Casement windows
• (b) Bay windows
• (c) Corner windows
• (d) Clear storey windows
• (e) Gable windows
• (f) Sky light windows
• (g) Dormer windows
• (h) Ventilators
Casement Windows
• Casement windows are usually fixed on the side of the frames and rotate
vertically.
• Installing locks on the walls to hold their sheets prevents them from closing with
the wind.
• Casement windows are fixed to the frame by one or more hinges at the side,
similar to conventional doors
• Usually fitted in on single or double panels, these allow for full top to bottom
ventilation when opened.
Bay window
• This window projects outwards from the
building.
• It uses glass and creates a small space inside
the room where benches or decorative
elements can be placed.

Fig: Corner Window

Figure: Bay window

Figure: Corner window Figure: Clear storey window
Awning
• Awning windows are basically casement
windows that swing vertically instead of
horizontally.
• They are usually found in high or narrow
places –such as above doors or other
windows– and typically seal well.
 Tilt Windows

• Tilt windows are suitable for areas that need

constant ventilation, such as kitchens, service
areas and bathrooms.
• They open from a side lever and, depending
on the treatment of the glass, can maintain
complete privacy from the environment
while ventilating it.
Tilt-and-turn
• Widely used in kitchens and bathrooms, these windows feature a hinge mechanism that
enables them to be opened in two ways: they can open fully like a casement window, or
slightly tilt open inwards to create a small opening at the top.
 Shutter Window

• A very popular window, ideal for

environments that receive a lot of
sunlight or for privacy, as it allows
airflow even when it is closed.
• Its sheets are made of timber or metal
and, depending on the frame, can be
accompanied by opening or sliding
glass sheets, which allow an even
wider use.
Figure: Types of window on their position
Pivot Windows

• This window has two pivots

that form the axis through
which the glass will rotate to
open.
• In this way, while part of it
occupies an internal area, the
other occupies an external area
of the house.
 Frame material
Wood
• Since wood frames are susceptible to
moisture and insect damage, they often
require regular maintenance. However, they
come from a renewable resource, are
extremely versatile and offer a warm,
timeless, nature-inspired appearance that is
unmatched.
Steel
• Although they can be quite heavy, steel
windows are strong, secure and especially
suitable for sleek and modern designs. They
are also low maintenance, versatile and
recyclable. In some cases, the frame actually
has a timber core that is then coated in steel.
Plastic
• Vinyl windows are made out of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), a plastic material. They are
widely used in various formats, standing out
for their durability, insulation properties,
cost-efficiency and low maintenance

Aluminium
• Particularly known for their sturdiness,
aluminium frames can last up to 30 years.
They are also 100% recyclable, thermally
efficient and practically maintenance-free,
which explains their popularity in many
architectural settings.
Ventilators:- Ventilators are small windows, fixed at a greater height than the window,
generally about 30 to 50 cm below roof level. The ventilators has a frame and shutter,
generally glazed, which is horizontally pivoted. The shutter can be opened or closed by
means of two cords. One attached to the top rail and other to the bottom rail of the shutter.
The top edge of the shutter opens inside and bottom edge opens outside, so that rain water
is excluded.

Fig. Ventilator Fig. Ventilator combined with window.

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