ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR

MOTIVATION and its THEORIES

MOTIVATION
Motivation is derived from LATIN word movere which means to move A process that starts with physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive. LUTHANS (1998) The process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. -ROBBINS

CONCEPT of Motivation
A need must be felt by an individual in such a way that it drives him/her to satisfy it. The force underlying this behavior may be called Motivation. This force may vary depending upon intensity and importance of the need to the individual.

Continued.

Peoples behavior is determined by what motivates them. Their product is a product of both ability level & motivation.
Needs: A physiological or psychological imbalance leads to a creation of a need. Drives/Motives: Propel individual to attain their goals or satisfy their needs. Incentives: That can fulfill a need and decrease the intensity of a drive is called an incentive.

Six Cs of Motivation..
CHALLEN GS

CONSEQU ENCES

CONTR OL

6 CS
CONSTRUCTI NG MEANINGS

CHOICE S
COLLABOR ATION

Basic model of motivation

Needs or expectations Result in Tension Drive force (Behavior or Action)

To Achieve

Desired Goals
Feedback Fulfillment which reduces Tension Which Provides

Types of Motivation Theories

Content Theories Process Theories

Content Theories
These theories attempt to explain those specific things which actually motivate the individual at work. These theories are concerned with identifying people needs and their relative strengths, and the goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs. Content theories place emphasis on what motivates human behavior i.e. the prioritized needs and wants/ drives; that people are concerned with, the goals/ incentives to attain satisfaction.

Process Theories
These theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables which make up motivation. They are concerned with how behaviors are initiated, directed and sustained.

Process theories place emphasis on the

actual process of motivated behaviour, looking at how external context drives people motivate others to form relationship. Cognitive antecedents to motivation and how they relate to one another.

Content Theory Models

The Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Abraham Maslow: 1943) The ERG Theory (Alderfer: 1972) The Acquired Needs Theory/ Achievement Motivation Theory (Mc Clelland: 1961) The Dual Factor Theory (Herzberg: 1968)

Process Theory Models

Theory X and Theory Y (Mc Gregor: 1960) Expectancy Theory (Vroom: 1964 and Porter & Lawler: 1968) Equity Theory (Adams: 1965)

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Motivation & personality: 1954)

Basic proposition is that people are wanting beings, they always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have. Hierarchy ranges through FIVE levels & is displayed in the form of pyramid implying a thinning out of needs as people progress up the hierarchy. Ascending order implies that it is the next unachieved level that acts as the motivator.

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

*Lover order ( External ) : Physiological and safety needs *Higher order ( Internal ) : Social, Esteem and Self-actualization

Self-Actualization Needs Self Esteem Needs

Social Needs
Safety / Security Needs Physiological needs

Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs: It describes ones requirement for survival. Like; hunger, thirst, shelter, etc. Safety needs: It describes keeping oneself free from harm. Like; security & protection from physical & emotional harm, job tenure, savings accounts, insurance policies. Social needs: It describes the desire for love, friendship & affection. Self-esteem needs: It describes the need for self-respect, status, recognition. Self-actualization: It describes the desire to live up to ones full potential. Like; growth, self-fulfillment.

Alderfers ERG Theory

This a modified need hierarchy model and it condenses Maslows five levels of need into only three levels based on the core of: Existence Relatedness Growth

Alderfers ERG Theory

SA Esteem
Love (Social)

Growth
Relatedness

Safety & Security

Physiological

Existence

Alderfers ERG Theory

Existence Needs are concerned with

sustaining human existence and survival and cover physiological and safety needs of a material nature.

Relatedness Needs are concerned with

relationships to the social environment and cover love or belonging, affiliation and meaningful interpersonal relations of a safety or esteem needs.

Continued..

Growth Needs are concerned with the

development of potential and cover self-esteem and self-actualization. The theory propounds that.
a) The lower order needs must be satisfied to move on to higher order needs (Satisfaction progressions in process). b) The frustration of higher order needs the person can go back to lower order needs (Frustration regression process). c) All three needs can operate simultaneously.

Herzbergs Dual Factor Theory

Herzbergs original study consisted of interviews with 203 accountants and engineers. The object of the research being to design jobs that provided job satisfaction, thereby encouraging higher levels of performance. This process developed into job enrichment.

MotivationHygiene Theory of Motivation

Company policy & administration Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Status Security

Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction

Achievement Achievement recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Salary

Hygiene or Maintenance or Extrinsic Factors (Herzberg)

These are the factors which if absent, cause dissatisfaction. They are related to the job context and concerned with the job environment. They serve to prevent dissatisfaction. They act as a platform upon with the satisfaction factors can be built.

Motivators or Growth or Intrinsic Factors (Herzberg)

These factors, if present serve to motivate the individual to superior effort and performance. These factors are related to the job content of the work itself. The strength of these factors will affect feelings of satisfaction or no satisfaction, but no dissatisfaction.

Mc Clellands Achievement Motivation Theory

Mc Clelland identified different motivational categories of people and if you could identify which category a person fell into it would help establish patterns of motivation would lead to effective performance and success at work.

McClellands Need Theory: Need for Achievement

Need for Achievement

The desire to excel and succeed

McClellands Need Theory: Need for Power Need for Power

The need to influence the behavior of others.

McClellands Need Theory: Need for Affiliation Need for Affiliation

The desire for interpersonal relationship

Motivational Need Theories

Maslow
Self-actualization

Alderfer
Growth

McClelland
Need for Achievement Need for Power

Higher Order Needs

Esteem self interpersonal Belongingness (social & love) Relatedness

Need for Affiliation

Lower Safety & Security interpersonal Order physical Needs

Physiological

Existence

Case Study
The manager of [Link]. realized that the level of moral and motivation of their employees was very low and there was dissatisfaction among the employees. Labor productivity was also found to be very low. After investigating the causes of dissatisfaction, the managers decided that if employees were to be motivated, there was a need to establish and maintain good interpersonal relation, over and above good salary, job security, proper working conditions and supervision.

So they put in sincere efforts to improve all these factors during one year. Yet, surprisingly, they came to know that in spite of reduction in the degree of dissatisfaction, the level of morale and motivation was low and there was no significant increase in their productivity. Therefore, the managers are worried.
What managerial problem is involved in the above case? Suggest solution and make argument to justify your answer.