Networking
and
Internetworkin
g Devices
• Network devices are components used to
connect computers or other electronic devices
together so that they can share files or
resources like printers or fax machines. Devices
used to setup a Local Area Network (LAN) are
the most common types of network devices
used by the public.
• An internetwork is a collection of individual
networks, connected by intermediate
networking devices, that functions as a single
large network.
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission
A communications channel can be classified as one of three types:
1. Simplex: A simplex mechanism can only transfer data in a single direction. It is
analogous to broadcast radio or television
2. Full-Duplex: Full-duplex allows transmission in two directions simultaneously.
3. Half-Duplex: A
half-duplex mechanism
involves a shared trans-
mission medium. The
shared medium can be
used for communication
in each direction but
the communication
cannot proceed
simultaneously.
Connecting
Devices
Hu
b
Hub
s
A hub is used as a central
among media segments.
point of connection
Cables from network devices plug in to the ports
on the hub.
Types of HUBS :
A passive hub is just a connector. It connects the
wires coming from different branches. The signal
pass through a passive hub without regeneration
or amplification. Connect several networking
cables together.
Active hubs or Multiport repeaters-They
regenerate or amplify the signal before they are
retransmitted.
Hubs Connect
Workstations
Together
• The receptacles on the front of the hub are
called ports. There are usually from 4 to 32
ports on a hub, depending on the size of the
network.
• Some hubs have an additional interface port that
• connects to another hub, thus increasing the
size of the network.
Hubs operate at the physical layer of the
OSI model.
• Hubs propagate signals through the network
• They cannot filter network traffic
• They cannot determine best path
Repeat
• er
A repeater is a device
PHYSICAL layer.
that operates only at the
•
A repeater can be used to increase the length of the
network by eliminating the effect of attenuation on
• the signal.
It connects two segments of the same network ,
overcoming the distance limitations of the
• transmission media.
• A repeater forwards every frame; it has no
• filtering capability
A repeater is a generator , not an amplifier.
Repeaters can connect segments that have the same
access method.(CSMA/CD , Token Passing, Polling ,
Repeater and OSI
model
Function of
repeater
Repeater is not exactly as same as
Amplifier
An example of use of
Switche
•
s of intelligence to basic,
Switches are a special type of hub that offers an
additional layer
physical- layer repeater hubs. A switch must be
able to read the MAC address of each frame it
receives. This information allows switches to
repeat incoming data frames only to the
computer or computers to which a frame is
addressed. This speeds up the network and
• reduces congestion.
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of
network switches are the most common.
Mainstream Ethernet switches support either
10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet
(10/100/1000) standards.
Switches operate at both the physical layer and the data link layer of the
OSI Model.
Bridg
• Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data link layer.
• As a PHYSICAL layer
it receives.
edevice , it regenerates the signal
• As a data link layer device , the bridge can check the
PHYSICAL / MAC addresses (source and destination)
contained in the frame.
• A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.
• It can check the destination address of a frame and
decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped.
• If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision must
specify the port.
• A bridge has a table that maps address to ports.
• Limit or filter traffic keeping local traffic local yet
allow connectivity to other parts (segments).
Bridg
e
How Bridges
layerWork
• Bridges work at the Media Access Control Sub-
of the OSI model
• Routing table is built to record the segment no.
of address
• If destination address is in the same segment as
the source address, stop transmit
• Otherwise, forward to the other segment
Function of a
bridge
Router
• Routes packets based on their logical
s addressing).
addresses (host-to-host
• A router normally connects LANs and WANs in
the Internet and has a routing table that is
used for making decision about the route.
• The routing tables are normally dynamic and
are updated using routing protocols.
• Routers can increase network efficiency by
filtering out broadcast traffic between networks,
thus reducing unnecessary traffic between
networks.
Routers in an
internet
Operation of
Routing Tables
• Routers contain internal tables of information called routing
tables that keep track of all known network addresses and
possible paths throughout the internetwork, along with cost of
reaching each network. Routers route packets based on the
available paths and their costs.
• Because routers use destination network addresses of packets,
they work only if the configured network protocol is a routable
protocol such as TCP/IP. This is different from bridges, which are
protocol independent. The routing tables are the heart of a
router; without them, there's no way for the router to know
where to send the packets it receives.
Gatewa
They are able ys
• Gateways are multi-purpose connection devices.
to convert the format of data in
one computing environment to a format that is
usable in another computer environment (for
example, AppleTalk and DECnet).
• The term gateway is sometimes used when
referring to a router. For the purpose of this
lesson, gateways are devices that link different
network types and protocols. For example,
gateways translate different electronic mail
protocols and convey email across the Internet
Gateways
(protocol
converter)
Gateways Translate
Different Network
Protocols
Exampl
es
•E-mail gateways-for example, a gateway that receives
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) e-mail, translates it
into a standard
X.400 format, and forwards it to its destination
•Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW), which enables a
machine running Microsoft Windows NT Server or Windows
Server to be a gateway for Windows clients so that they can
access file and print resources on a NetWare server
•Gateways between a Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
host and computers on a TCP/IP network, such as the one
provided by Microsoft SNA Server
•A packet assembler/disassembler (PAD) that provides
connectivity between a local area network (LAN) and an
X.25 packet-switching network
Gateways can operate at all layers of the OSI
model since they:
• Can provide a physical link between networks.
• Create junctions between dissimilar networks.
•Translate different network protocols and/ or
applications (for example, electronic mail
between the Internet and a commercial online
service with its own mail protocol).
NIC(Network Interface
Card)
• Network Interface Card, or NIC is a hardware card
installed in a computer so it can communicate on
a network. The network adapter provides one or
more ports for the network cable to connect to,
and it transmits and receives data onto the
network cable.
• Wireless Lan card
• Every networked computer must also have a
network adapter driver, which controls the
network adapter. Each network adapter driver is
configured to run with a certain type of network
adapter.
Network Interface Adapter
Functions:
• Data encapsulation
• Signal encoding and decoding
• transmission and reception
• Data buffering
Serial/parallel conversion
Media access control
Modems
• A modem is a device that makes it possible for computers
to communicate over telephone lines. The word modem
comes from Modulate and Demodulate. Because standard
telephone lines use analog signals, and computers digital
signals, a sending modem must modulate its digital signals
into analog signals. The computers modem on the
receiving end must then demodulate the analog signals
into digital
s signal
.
Transceivers (media
converters)
• Transceiver short for transmitter-receiver, a device that both
transmits and receives analog or digital signals.
• The term is used most frequently to describe the component in
local- area networks (LANs) that actually applies signals onto the
network wire and detects signals passing through the wire. For
many LANs, the transceiver is built into the network interface
card (NIC). Some types of networks, however, require an external
transceiver.
•
In Ethernet networks, a transceiver is
also called a Medium Access Unit
(MAU).
Media converters interconnect
different cable types twisted pair,
fiber, and Thin or thick coax, within
an existing network. They are often
used to connect newer 100-Mbps,
Gigabit Ethernet, or ATM equipment
to existing networks, which are