Module 5
Measures of Central Tendency
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 1
Measure of Central
Tendency
• Also called measure of central location
• A single value representative of the general
level of magnitude of the values in a distribution
• The statistic or value that is used to represent a
set of values as a whole
• The value that best characterizes a distribution
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 2
Measures of Central
Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Mathematical Average Positional Average
e an
edM
mm Mean Median Mode
Tri
Weighted Mean Harmonic Mean Geometric Mean
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 3
Mean
• Also called simply the average
• Equal to the sum of the measurements or values
divided by the number of measurements or values
• Symbol: x (read as “x bar”) Note: The MEAN is only for
n
quantitative data measured
x
i 1
i in the interval or ratio scale.
• Formula: x
n
n
where x
i 1
i is the sum of all values from the first (1) to the last ( n )
n is the number of values
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 4
Mean Self-test #1: 2 points
30-second
Example 1: Timer
The following are your grades in 8 Statistics exercises
80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82
Find the average grade.
8
x
i 1
i
(80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82)
x
n 8
662
x 82.75
8
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 5
Mean Self-test #2: 2 points
30-second
Example 2: Timer
The following are your grades in 9 Statistics exercises
80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82 75
Find the mean grade.
9
x
i 1
i
(80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82 75)
x
n 9
737
x 81.89
9
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 6
Mean Self-test #3: 2 points
30-second
Example 3: Timer
The following are your grades in 9 Statistics exercises
80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82 0
Find the average.
9
x
i 1
i
(80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82 0)
x
n 9
662
x 73.56
9
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 7
Mean Self-test #4: 2 points
45-second
Timer
Example 4:
If the temperature (in Celsius) in Manila from March 31 to April 4 were
34.3º 34.1º 33.5º 33.7º 34.2º 33.8º 35.0º
Determine the mean temperature.
(34.3 34.1 33.5 33.7 34.2 33.8 35)
x
7
238.6
x 34.09
7
Mean in Excel
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 8
Self-test #5: 2 points
Mean 45-second
Example 5: Timer
The following are responses of customers to the survey question in a
Likert scale: “How satisfied are you with the spaghetti in McJolly?”.
1-Not Satisfied, 2-Partly Satisfied, 3-Satisfied, 4-More than Satisfied, 5-Very Satisfied.
Response 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 11 22 5 19 24
Determine the mean response.
5
f x
i 1
i i
(111 22 2 5 3 19 4 24 5) 266
x 3.28
n (11 22 5 19 24) 81
How to interpret?
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 9
Mean Response
= 3.28
Legend: Mean Interpretation Scale
1-Not Satisfied Scale Interpretation
2-Partly Satisfied
1.00-1.79 Not Satisfied
3-Satisfied Partly Satisfied
1.80-2.59
4-More than Satisfied Satisfied
5-Very Satisfied 2.60-3.39 More than Satisfied
Construct a mean interpretation scale. 3.40-4.19 Very Satisfied
Step 1: 4.20-5.00
Get the range of the response options
5 1 4 Interpretation:
Step 2: “The customers are satisfied
Divide the range by the number of with the spaghetti in McJolly.”
response options 4
0.8 This is the class width Mean in Excel
5
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 10
Weighted Self-test #6: 2 points
= 2.00
Mean 45-second
Timer
Example 6:
Your grades in Statistics
89.31 Grade
Component
Average Percentage
Grade Weight
Per grade component 5
Attendance
Activities
91
90.3
10%
30%
Performance Tasks 90.75 20%
Examinations 87.25 30%
Attitude/Behavior 88 10%
5
x W w i xi
i 1
910.1 90.3 0.3 90.75 0.2 87.25 0.3 88 0.1
89.315 Mean in Excel
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 11
Measures of Central
Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
✓Mathematical Average Positional Average
e an
medM ✓Mean Median Mode
i m
Tr
✓Weighted Mean Harmonic Mean Geometric Mean
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 12
Harmonic
Mean
It is obtained by dividing the number of values (n)
by the sum of the reciprocals of the values
in a distribution.
It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean
of the reciprocals.
It gives greater weight to smaller values.
n
Formula: xH
1 1 1 1
...
x1 x 2 x 3 xn
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 13
Geometric
Mean
It is obtained by multiplying all values in a distribution
and then finding the nth root of the resulting product,
where n is the number of values.
It shows the average percent change in a data set.
Formula: x G n x1 x 2 x 3 ... xn
Mean in Excel
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 14
Trimmed
Mean
It is obtained by “trimming” the lowest and highest values
to eliminate the influence of these two outliners on the mean.
It is used in reporting economic data to smooth out the results
and paint a more realistic picture.
It is sometimes used for beauty contests to eliminate biases
from the judges who may be for or against some candidates.
Example: Overall scores of 10 judges for a black contestant
38 69 76 76 78 82 84 86 86 100
(38 69 76 76 78 82 84 86 86 100)
x 77.5
10
(69 76 76 78 82 84 86 86)
xT 79.625
8
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 15
Measures of Central
Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
✓Mathematical Average Positional Average
e an
edM ✓Mean Median
✓ Tri mm Mode
✓Weighted Mean ✓
Harmonic Mean ✓
Geometric Mean
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 16
Media This means that you must
n first arrange the values in
ascending order.
• The middle value in a set of ranked measurements or values
• It divides a set of values in two such that
Note :
one half of the set is above it and
Ordinal place
the other half of the set is below it. of the median
• If the number of values is odd, th
n 1
then the median is the middle value. place
2
• If the number of values is even,
then the median is the average of the two middle values.
• Symbol: x (read as “x tilde”)
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 17
Median Note: The MEDIAN is only for
quantitative data measured in the
Example 1: ordinal, interval, or ratio scale.
The following are your grades in 9 Statistics exercises
80 80 84 84 81 81 83 83 86 86 85 85 81 81 82 82 75 75
Find the median grade.
Ordinal place
x 82 Middle
of the median
Value
th
Note: 9 1
place
If the number of values is odd, 2
then the median is the middle value. 5 th place
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 18
Median Self-test #7: 2 points
30-second
Example 2: Timer
The following are your grades in 8 Statistics exercises
80 84 81 83 86 85 81 82
Find the median. Ordinal place
80 81 81 82 83 84 85 86 of the median
th
82 83 8 1
x 82.5 2 Middle
2 place
2 Values
4.5
Note:
If the number of values is even, that is, between
then the median is the average of the two middle values. the 4 th & 5 th place
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 19
Median Self-test #8: 2 points 60-second
Timer
Example 3:
The following are responses to a survey question that asked for the
degree of satisfaction from the respondents using a Likert scale.
1-Not Satisfied, 2-Partly Satisfied, 3-Satisfied, 4-More than Satisfied, 5-Very Satisfied.
Frequency 11 22 5 19 24 Total frequency
Response 1 2 3 4 5 = 11 + 22 + 5 + 19 + 24 = 81
Determine the median response. Ordinal place of the median
th
81 1
The median response is
2 place 41st
place
"More than Satisfied".
11 + 22 + 5 + 3 = 41
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 20
Mode
• the measurement or observation with the greatest frequency
• the measurement or observation that appears
most often in a distribution
• a distribution or set of observations may have
no mode,
one mode (unimodal) or Note:
multimode (bimodal, trimodal, …) The MODE is for both quantitative
and qualitative data and for
• Symbol: Mo nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio
measurement scales
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 21
Mode Number of Glasses Frequency
4 2
5 6
Example 1:
6 7
The results of a 39-people survey on the 7 9
average number of glasses of water 8 12
9 3
they drink daily are shown below.
7 7 8 6 8 7 8 6 8 8 8 5 5
6 7 6 7 8 4 9 9 9 6 8 4 8
7 5 8 6 7 7 8 6 7 5 8 5 5
Self-test #9: 2 points
Find the mode.
60-second
Timer
Mo = 8 glasses of water
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 22
Mode Self-test #10: 2 points
2-minute
Timer
Example 2:
A survey asked office workers what beverage they prefer to drink
during breaktime. The results are shown below.
Find the modal choice.
Hot coffee Iced tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Hot tea Iced tea Hot coffee
Milk tea Iced tea Hot tea Iced tea Milk tea Iced coffee Iced tea
Hot tea Iced coffee Milk tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Hot coffee Milk tea
Hot coffee Iced coffee Milk tea Iced tea Hot tea Hot coffee Hot coffee
Milk tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Iced tea Hot coffee Hot tea Iced coffee
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 23
Hot coffee Iced tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Hot tea Iced tea Hot coffee
Milk tea Iced tea Hot tea Iced tea Milk tea Iced coffee Iced tea
Hot tea Iced coffee Milk tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Hot coffee Milk tea
Hot coffee Iced coffee Milk tea Iced tea Hot tea Hot coffee Hot coffee
Milk tea Hot coffee Iced coffee Iced tea Hot coffee Hot tea Iced coffee
Beverage Frequency
Iced coffee 7
Iced tea
7
Milk tea
Hot tea 6
Hot coffee 5 The modal choice is
10 Hot Coffee
03/27/2025 Prepared by Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 24