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Classification of Crystalline Solids

The document covers the topic of solid state in chemistry, detailing the classification of solids into crystalline and amorphous types, their properties, and the arrangement of particles. It explains the characteristics of different solid types including molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, as well as the concept of crystal lattices and unit cells. The document also outlines the seven crystal systems and the types of unit cells that exist within them.

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Gaurav Mittal
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28 views21 pages

Classification of Crystalline Solids

The document covers the topic of solid state in chemistry, detailing the classification of solids into crystalline and amorphous types, their properties, and the arrangement of particles. It explains the characteristics of different solid types including molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, as well as the concept of crystal lattices and unit cells. The document also outlines the seven crystal systems and the types of unit cells that exist within them.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Mittal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

WELCOME

TO
CHEMISTRY CLASSES

Topic : SOLID STATE


JEE-Syllabus

• Classification of solids, crystalline


state, seven crystal systems (cell
parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ), close
packed structure of solids (cubic &
hexagonal), packing in fcc, bcc and
hcp lattices.
• Nearest neighbours, ionic radii and
radius ratio, simple ionic compounds,
What we
learn……

Classification of
Solids
Unit cell parameters

Packing in solids

Voids and Radius


ratios
Structure of ionic
solids

Imperfections in
solids
Solid State
• Solids are characterized by incompressibility,
rigidity, high density and mechanical strength.

• This indicates that the


constituent particles in
a solid are closely
packed in three
dimensional
arrangements.
• They are held together
by strong cohesive
forces and cannot move
at random.
Classifi cation of
Solids
I. Based on arrangement of
particles...

Glass, plastics,
(i) Amorphous rubber, wax
etc.

Metals, ionic solids,


(ii) Crystalline diamond, silica, ice
etc.
Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous
Solids:

(i) Arrangement of particles:


• Crystalline solids have long range ordered
arrangement.
• Amorphous solids do not have long range
orderliness.
(ii) Geometrical shape:
• A crystalline solid has a definite and regular
geometry due to orderly arrangement of
constituent particles.
(iii) Isotropic & Anisotropic:
• The substances which show same electrical
and optical properties in all directions are
called isotropic and the substances exhibiting
directional differences in properties are
called anisotropic.
• Amorphous solids, liquids & gases are
isotropic while crystalline solids are
anisotropic.
(iv) Melting point:
• Due to the definite ordered state, a
crystalline solids have sharp melting point
while amorphous solids melt over a wide
range of temperatures.
II. Based on nature of
particles……

1. Molecular solids

2. Ionic solids

3. Metallic solids

4. Covalent
compounds
1. Molecular
solid:

• In molecular solids the constituent particles are atoms or


molecules which are held together by weak intermolecular
forces i.e. Vander waals forces.
• Eg. I2, dry ice, ice, camphor, naphthalene, sulphur etc.
2. Ionic
solid:
• Ionic solid consists of positively
and negatively charged ions
arranged in a regular manner
throughout the crystal. These
cation and anion are held
together by the strong electrical
attraction of opposite charges.
• Eg. All ionic solids.
3. Covalent solid:

• In covalent solids the constituent particles are atoms,


which are held together by covalent bonds to form a large
network solid.
• Eg. Graphite, diamond, silica, boron, black
phosphorus etc.
4. Metallic solids:

• Metallic solid consists of positive


cores of atoms immersed in a sea of
mobile electrons (metallic bonding).
• In this type of bonding, the positive
charge atomic cores are surrounded
by delocalised electrons.

• Eg. All metals and alloys.


Space Lattice and Unit Cell

• A well ordered and regular arrangement of


constituents in the three-dimensional space is
called crystal lattice.
Unit Cells
• Smallest Repeating Unit
• Unit Cells must link-upcannot have
gaps between them
• All unit cells must be identical
Y

Lattice Points

c
c
X
O b b
X
a a
Z
Z
Space lattice and a Unit cell
III. Based on Type of
cells……
Unit cells exist in only
seven shapes Cubi
c
 Orthorho
 mbic
Rhomboh
 edral
Tetragona
 lTriclinic
 Hexagona
l
 Monoclini
c
Crystal intercepts
& Angles

 a


b
Lattice
Crystal
CrystalParameter
Crystal
Systems s
Intercept Angles
Cubic as = b =  = =
c = 90 o

Orthorh ab ==


ombic c = 90 o

Rhomboh a = b = ==
edral c  90 o

Tetrago a=b ==


nal c = 90 o

Triclinic ab 


c  90 o

Hexago a=b a =  = 90o,  =


nal c 120 o

Monocli ab a =  = 90o, 


nic c  90 o
• There are not more than 4 ways of
arranging spheres in any shape of
unit cell are,
• These
i) Primitive, ii) Body
Centered,
iii) Face Centered & iv) End
Centered
Out of all the twenty eight possible unit cells
only 14 exist! They are called Bravais
Lattices.
Crystal Bravais
Systems
Cubi Lattices
Primitive,
c FCC, BCC
Orthorh Primitive, FC,
ombic
Rhomboh BC, EC
Primitive
edral Primitive, BC
Tetrago
nal
Triclinic Primitive
Hexago Primitive
nal Primitive, EC
Monocli
nic

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