CONSTRUCTION HAZARD SPECIFIC
TRAINING FOR EMPLOYEES
1 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Key Commitments
1. Prevention of Injury and ill Health .
2. Promptly intervene for prevention of unsafe act
and condition.
3. Pro –active communication for effective
operational control
2 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
What is Safety ?
• FREEDOM FROM UNACCEPTABLE RISK (FREE FROM
DANGER)
• CONTROL OF ACCIDENTAL LOSS TO AN ACCEPTABLE
LIMIT
• Safety can be achieved by identification of hazards and
prevention of damage to Men, Materials, Machines, Product and
Environment .
3 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Why Safety?
Legal
4 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Role of Supervisor/Engineers
Supervisors/Engineers have direct responsibility to take care of
Safety of their workers.
Supervisors /Engineers to Conduct TOOLBOX talks prior to start of
work in the presence of the concern site engineers.
Supervisors should present at work site through out the tenure of
work.
Conduct HSE inspections, rectify unsafe conditions and actions every
now and then when noticed.
Maintain good house keeping.
Follow Permit to Work System. Site engineers – Ensure the required
permit taken.
Encourage workers to report unsafe acts and conditions and NEAR
MISS cases. Take appropriate corrective and preventive actions.
5 Footer
TECHNOLOGY
Set as a good
| ENGINEERING example.
| MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
HAZARD & RISK
Hazard Source or a situation with a potential for harm
i.e. “Something with the potential to cause harm”
What is Risk?
“The likelihood of harm resulting from a
hazard”
The probable rate of occurrence Risk
of a hazard causing harm and the Benefit
degree of severity of the harm
Risk = Severity x Probability
6 Footer
You can make a difference
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
What is an Incident ?
Event that gave rise to an accident or have the potential to lead to an accident.
The term incidents includes “nearmiss”
INCIDENT = NEARMISS + ACCIDENT
Types of Incidents
• Accidents
•Fire/ Property Damage
•Damage to Environment reputation
•Damage to local communities
•Near miss
7 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Accident :
HAT IS ACCIDENT ?
Undesired - unplanned event that results in physical harm or
damage to property or both
Type of
Accidents :
First aid Case :
Medical Treatment Case
Lost Time injury
Fatal
8 Footer
You can make a difference
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Near miss
:
Near miss is an event which could result in accident..
But, averted by circumstances!! It is early stage warning for accident
9 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Definitions described in pictures
10 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Theories of Accident Causation
Frank Bird analyzed 1.75 million accidents in 1969
1
Fatality
10
Minor Injuries
30
Property Damages
600
Near Miss / Unsafe conditions
Reporting and investigation of 24000
“No injury accidents”, “Near misses” can
11
improve the safety performance of a unit
Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
ACCIDENTS CAUSATION
KN M
CO
OWPET
UR
VIO
LE E N
DG CE
HA
E
ACCIDENT
BE
&
WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
12 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
TIP OF ICEBERG
Direct Cost
Indirect Cost
13 Footer
You can make a difference
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Accident costs
Employee Direct Costs
Lost regular wages and overtime
Employee Indirect Costs
Mental anguish, physical pain and suffering
Decreased active participation with their family and friends (It's tough to be at a ball game when laying up in a
hospital bed)
Inability to be productive on or off the job
Employer Direct Costs
Workers’ Compensation claim
Medical bills
Associated legal and possible increased insurance costs
Uninsured property damage costs
Employer Indirect Costs
Loss of valuable employee with a result of lost efficiency on the job
Managerial and clerical time expended to handle injury claims
Time loss wages paid with no work performed
Hiring and training replacement
Damaged or destroyed equipment, materials or tools
Additional Discussion Notes:
Remember: The indirect (or hidden) cost in an accident is between three and ten times the actual cost of the claim.
But it is not the costs, direct or indirect, that totals the most. More often than not it is the loss of a valuable co-worker
or member of a family that causes the most problems for the company.
14 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
ACCIDENT
UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE CONDITION
UNSAFE
ACT
ATTITUDE
HUMAN UNSAFE INJURY /
KNOWLEDGE SITUATION ACCIDENT
FAILURE LOSS
SKILL
UNSAFE
CONDI.
ACCIDENT DO NOT HAPPEN… THEY ARE CAUSED
HUMAN ERROR : 96 %
15 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Principles of
Hazard
Spotting
16 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
What is an accident?
• An undesired event resulting in:
Injury to person(s)
Harm to the environment
Property damage
Production loss
17 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Definitions
HAZARD
– A physical situation with the potential to cause harm to
people, property or the environment.
RISK
– The likelihood of occurrence of a specified level of harm
– Risk reflects both the likelihood that harm will occur and
its severity.
PURPOSE OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)
– To identify the measures needed to protect the workforce,
and others who may be affected by the hazards of the
18 operation, from harm.
Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Hazard Spotting
• Accident causes are usually closely related to:
– Unsafe conditions
– Unsafe or substandard acts
• Typically >90% of all injuries are caused by unsafe
or substandard acts
• How many of these are the responsibility of
management?
19 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Unsafe Acts
• Not following • Working without a
procedure permit
• Ignoring instructions • Blocking a fire exit
• Cutting corners • Horseplay
• Carelessness • Poor housekeeping
• Removing guards • Not wearing PPE
20 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Unsafe Conditions
• No job instructions • High noise levels
• Poor housekeeping • Tripping hazards
• Inadequate lighting • Lack of PPE
• Unguarded machinery • Substandard
tools/equipment
21 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
The Workplace Hazards
• Access routes, • Personal hygiene,
• Slips/ Trips/ Falls/ • Noise & Vibration,
Falling objects, • Ventilation,
• Housekeeping, • Congestion,
• Equipment, • Chemicals,
• Workstations, • Etc..
22 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Principles of Risk Assessment
HAZARD ASSESSMENT - Identify the Significant Hazards
– No Hazards = No Risk
Consider the Consequences from the Potential Hazard
– What could go wrong?
– Who might be harmed?
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT - Consider the likelihood of the
Hazardous Event
How often would it occur if no control?
What control measures exist to prevent the occurrence?
RISK CHARACTERISATION - Assess the Risks Arising
– Is the Risk Adequately Controlled?
– Is further action necessary to control the risk?
IMPROVE AND MAINTAIN CONTROLS - Record – Significant
findings & REVIEW periodically, revise if necessary
- Are monitoring results acceptable?
- Are controls adequate?
23 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) POOR HOSEKEEPING
02) MISSING SIGNBORDS
03) NO FIRE EXTINGUISHER
8
04) MATERIAL SEGRREGATION
05) FULL/EMPTY SEGREGATION
06) GATE LOCK MISSING
07) CYLINDERS NOT SECURED
08) NO SUNSHADE
09) ROAD BARRIER & SIGNS
5
6
3 7 9
4
1
2
24 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) PVC GLOVES REQUIRED FOR GLUE WORKER
02) PROTECTION SHEET UNDER THE GLUE CAN
03) MISSING SHOUTS CAN CAUSE INJURY
04) RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MASK
8 05) SMOKING CLOSE TO FLAMABLES
06) NO PROPER CONTROL OF TOOLS
07) OBSTRUCTED LADDER LANDING [H.K.]
08) LADDER OF BROKEN RUNG 9
09) WORKERS WITHOUT PPE 5
10) LOOSE MATERIALS [H.K.] 3
11) LOOSE CARTRIDGES 4
6
11
2
10
25 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
9 1
01) SHORT TIMBER
3 02) HELMET/GLASSES
2 03) LOOSE TIMBER
14
04) TRIPPING HAZARD
05) CRACKED SHOLDER
10 06) NO SAFE ACCESS
11 07) SAFETY SHOES
08) MISSING JACK’S PIN
13 09) EQUIPMENT ON EDGE
10) UNSUPORTED HOSE
12 11) SPOIL ON EDGE 4
12) CAVING
13) NO FREE HAND/GLOVES
6
14) FUEL CAN ON EDGE
26 Footer 8 5
7
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) HOOK MISSING SAFETY CLIP
02) SHACKLE REQUIRED ON HOOK
1
03) SIGNALER WITHOUT PPE
04) SHARP ANGLE FOR SLINGE 2
05) SLING TOO CLOSE TO LOAD END
06) NO SOFTNERS FOR SHARP EDGES 13 4
07) SPOIL ON THE EXCAVATION EDGE 9
5
08) OPERATOR CANNOT SEE GIGNALER 12
09) SPAR SLING LEGS NOT HOOKED BACK
10) OUTRIGGERS TOO CLOSE TO EXCAVATION
6 8
3 14
10
7 11) NO BARRICATIONS
12) LOAD OFF LEVEL 15
13) KNOT IN RIGHT STING
16
14) WRONG HAND SIGNAL
27 Footer
15) TAG LINE UNATTENDED
11 16) PROTRUDED NAILS
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) NO SCFFOLD OR WORK PLATFORM
02) NO SAFETY HARNESSES BEING USED 5
03) WALKING ON THE EDGEOF THE WALL 2
04) NO PROTECTION FOR MEMBERS OF THE PUPLIC 3
05) NO SITE COMUNICATION 4
06) OPERATIVES NOT WEARING HEAD PROTECTION
07) OPERATIVES NOT WEARING HAND PROTECTION 1
08) OPERATIVES NOT WEARING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
09) SCREW JACK HAS NO PIN
10) WRONG METHOD FOR MATERIAL STORAGE 12
17
16 6
15
9
11) LOOSE MATERIALS; CAUSING TRIP HAZARD 8
12) NO SAFETY NETS BEING USED 11 7
13) NAILSPROJECTING FROM TIMBER
14) TO REMOVE SUBMERGED ITEMS FROM WATER COURSE
10
15) POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS 14
28
16) TOO STEP LADDER, UNSAFE BASE PLACING
Footer 13
17) WARNING ARRENGEMENTS FOR POSSIBILITY OF FLOODS
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) MISSING COUPLER
02) NO BRICKGUARDS
03) MISSING HANDRAIL & MIDRAIL
04) TRANSOM NOT COUPLED 1
05) MISSING TOE BOARDS 3 2
06) BOARD OVER HANGED 6
7 5
10 4
9
8
17
16 13) PROJECTED NAIL
11 14) LOOSE WASTE MATERIAL 19
07) PROJECTED TRANSOM 15) INADEQUATE SOLE BOARDS
08) TWO WORKERS WITHOUT PPE
16) MATERIAL STORED ON 1ST LEVEL
09) NOT STABLE OR SECURED LADDER
17) MISSING FAÇADE BRACING
10)TOO SHORT LADDER/NO ACCESS
11) UNSFE CARRIAGE OF MATERIAL 18) NO TRANSOMSFOR 1ST LEVEL
12) LADDER FOOT ON SOFT GROUND 19) IMPROPER STACKING
20
29
12
Footer
14 15
13
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
01) OVERLOADED/OBSTRUCTED PLATFORM
02) GAP AT CORNER(FALL HAZARD)
03) IMPROPER LEDGAR EXTENTION
04) INADEQUATE TOE BOARDS 7
05) INADEQUATE HANDRAILS & MIDRAILS
06) SCATTERD MTERIAL (TRIP HAZARD)
07) OPERATIVES WITHOUT PPE 5
08) SCAFFOLD OF NO BRACING 2 1
09) SHORT LADDER
9 6 4
10) UNSECURED LADDER
10
11) BROKEN RUNG 3
12) SHARP ANGLE LADDER 11
13) NO FREE HAND 13
14) OBSTRUCTED ACCESS
15) SPOIL HEAP
8
16) BAD MATERIAL STORAGE 12
17) EXPOSED NAILS
18) UNSTABLE TRIP HAZARDS BLANKS
19) WRONG STANDING LOCATION 20
16
20) WRONG MATERIAL STACKING 19
14
15
17
18
30 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
5
01) NO TAG LINES 1 6
7
02) NO SOFTNERS
03) NOT LEVEL LOAD 9
2 3 8
04) NO SAFE PLATFORM
O5) HOOK WITHOUT SAFETY LATCH
06) WRONG SLINGING OVER THE HOOK
4
07) OPERATIVES WITHOUT HEAD PROTECTION
08) OPERATIVES WITHOUT BODY HARNESS
09) OPERATIVES WITHOUT HAND GLOVES
10) UNDER SUSBENDED LOAD 12
11) UNATTENDED TOOL [H.K.]
16
12) SHORT LADDER 14
13) BROKEN RUNG 17
19
14) UNSECURED LADDER 11
15) NO SAFETY SHOES 15
20 10
16) UNSECURED PLANKS
18 21 13
17) EL. EQUIP. IMPROPERLY STORED
18) NO FIRE EXTINGUISHER
19) MACHINE UNDER LIFTED LOAD
20) EXPOSED REBARS
21) POOR LAYOUT FOR CABLE
31 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Hazards arise from …….
Materials Equipment Environment People
Type / Features Skills
Chemicals/Fuel
Workplace
Condition
Feed Stocks Instructions
Guarding
Procedures
32 Footer
Protections
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Hazards are controlled …….
in the first instance through Engineering Controls
otherwise, through Management Controls
Personal Protective is never used as the primary control,
Equipment protection against Hazards
Interim Measures
are also put in place, where permanent
arrangements are not in place
33 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
The hierarchy of controls is good
international practice
The EHS Management System brings it all together, gives
the control mechanism coherence, and streamlines the
application of these.
EHS Management System requires Risk Assessments to see
where, how much these risks are, and what controls should
be used.
34 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Engineering Controls
Basic concept is that the installation is inherently safe, or
designed to be made safe through:
Elimination of hazards
Reduction of exposure to hazards
Rngineered protection
35 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Management Controls
Basic concept is to put in place management systems to
Anticipate, Analyse, Implement and Audit.
Good management controls also cover competence, training,
capture ‘learning’, and continuous improvement.
36 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Personal Protective Equipment
Basic concept is that PPE should be used where:
Exposure to hazards cannot be completely ‘engineered out’.
Management controls cannot provide sufficient additional
protection.
Supplementary MANDATORY
Controls PPE
OTHER MORE “PPE”
PREVENTION better than REMEDY
37 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Interim Measures
Basic concept is that these be used where:
Full fledged permanent control strategies cannot be quickly
applied.
Hazards can be effectively reduced “without creating new
hazards” – temporarily.
First Aid
38 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
5 STAGES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Identification of Hazard
2. Identify the Persons exposed
3. Estimate Risk
4. Preventive or Protective Measures
5. Recording the Significant findings
39 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Preventive & Protective Measures
• Eliminate the hazard
• Reduce the hazard at source to a level
below the acceptable threshold
• Control exposure to the hazard by means
of barriers
40 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
Control
Eliminate: Can the hazard be removed completely? This is
the most effective method.
Reduction: Can the risk be reduced at source? Is there an
alternative?
Enclosure: Can the hazard be enclosed or contained
Remove Person: Can people be kept away from the
hazard
Reduce Contact: Can the time of contact or quantity be
reduced
Personal Protection: Can some thing be provided to the
41
person to lessen the injury effect of accident
Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
The above controls are aimed at the “hardware” involved
in the work, the “ safe place strategy”. The following
“software” requirements must also be considered, as
appropriate, to provide a “safe person”.
Information
Instruction
Training
Supervision to appropriate level
Method statements and Permit to work
Note
Method of Elimination and Reduction deal with hazard
itself and are therefore more effective than the other
control measures which do nothing with the hazard other
42 than control it.
Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES
43 Footer
TECHNOLOGY | ENGINEERING | MANUFACTURING | CONSTRUCTION | LIFE CYCLE SERVICES