*NETWORKING
CONCEPTS
By Mahi Dhankhar
*A group of computers which are
connected to each other for the purpose of
sharing the resources is called a computer
network.
* What is a computer
network ?!
* Cost effective – besides software, hardware devices
such as printer, scanners, and modems can be shared
by all the computers on a network . Thus it saves
good amount of money
* backup –suppose a computer in a network faces some
technical issues in this case the work can be allocated
to another computer on the same network
* Easy access to a remote database – one can instantly
book railway or airline tickets from anywhere . Hence
it saves time and efforts
* Real time delivery – one can instantly share data and
information across the globe
*Advantages of
networking
THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF NETWORK AND THEY ALL ARE DECRIBED BELOW :-
1)Personal area network {PAN} – a PAN allows communication among devices
such as personal computers , mobile phones ,digital cameras and so on . This
kind of network covers a small area of nearly ten meters
2)Local area network {LAN} – in LAN 2 or more computers are peripheral
devices are connected within a room or small campus . It covers an area of few
kilometers and usually links tha devices in that area withh wires or WIFI
3)Metropolitan area network -- MAN is the larger network than LAN. It
connects computing devices which are geographically separate areas within
the same city . It covers an area of few hundred kilometers in a city
4)Wide area network – a WAN connects 2 or more computers located at disant
locations . It is majorly restricted to large establishments and governments
agencies that are spread across the county continent or even across the globe
*Types of network
The hardware components are listed below :-
1. Network interface card (NIC) – it provides an interconnection
between the network and the computers. It is used to connect
a computer to a network to enabling participation in network
communication
2. Network cable – registered jack 45 (RJ45) is an eight wire
network cable. It is connector that is commonly used to link the
network interface card with a hub
3. Hub – it is a network device that connects computers and
computing devices to exchange data between them .it
primarily broadcasts the message ,which increases data traffic
over the network .
4. Switch – the function of a switch is similar to that of a hub but
it is more intelligent as compared to a hub . Switches are
preferred over hubs due to their efficiency .
*Networking
components
Network architecture to the overall framework of
an organisation’ s computer network . To establish
network communication , it is important to have a
detailed view of all the accessible resources in it .
Network architecture includes the following:
# hardware components used for
communication
# topology
# wired or wireless connection
# protocols
*Network
architecture
PEER TO PEER Client - server
A peer-to-peer The client-server
(P2P) architecture refers
architecture consists to a system that
of a decentralized hosts, delivers, and
network of peers - manages most of the
nodes that are both resources and
clients and servers. services that the
client requests
* Types of network
architecture
* Twisted pair cable -- A twisted-pair cabling system is a
cable consisting of one or several pairs of copper wires.
These wires are twisted together and around each other
and are insulated with a dielectric polymeric compound.
* Coaxial cable -A coaxial cable is a type of shielded and
insulated copper cable that is used in computer
networks and to deliver cable TV services to end users.
It was first commercially implemented in the early 1940s
and is used for both baseband and broadband data
communication
* Fibre optic cable --
a fiber optic cable is a network cable
that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated
casing
*Wired
transmission
*Bluetooth wireless technology - Bluetooth is a
wireless technology that uses a radio frequency
to share data over a short distance, eliminating
the need for wires. You can use Bluetooth on
your mobile device to share documents or to
connect with other Bluetooth-enabled devices
*WIFI – Wifi stands for wireless fidelity . It is the
name of a popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio waves to provide
wireless high speed internet and network
connections
*Wireless
transmission
*It is necessary that tha computers that are
to be connected must have access to the
same network sharing resources. Network
topology refers to schematic description
of the various components of a
network ,such as nodes, links, peripherals,
and so on. It determines how data flows
within a network , irrespective of its
physical structure .
*Network topology
* Point to Point topology is the simplest
topology that connects two nodes directly
together with a common link.
*This network can only be used for small
areas where computers are in proximity
*Point to point
*In this topology all devices are connected
to a linear cable called bus or trunk
*This network is the easy and inexpensive
to implement for small networks
*If one system breaks down then it will not
effect any other system , but in case the
server breaks down the entire network
becomes unstable
*Bus topology
*In this type of topology the nodes are
connected to each other in the form of
ring
*Each node is linked with to another nodes
forming a single continuous pathway for
signals
*This topology is losing popularity because
it offers only unidirectional data flow
*A single break in the connection could
disrupt the entire network
*Ring topology
*Star topology