IP Addressing
Introduction to Networks v7.0
(ITN)
Module Objectives
Topic Title Topic Objective
IPv4 Address Structure Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host
portion, and the subnet mask.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4
addresses.
Types of IPv4 Addresses Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.
IPv4 Issues Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
IPv6 Address Representation Explain how IPv6 addresses are represented.
IPv6 Address Types Compare types of IPv6 network addresses.
Explain how to Configure static global unicast and link-local IPv6 network
GUA and LLA Static Configuration
addresses.
Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 GUAs Explain how to configure global unicast addresses dynamically.
Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 LLAs Configure link-local addresses dynamically.
IPv6 Multicast Addresses Identify IPv6 addresses.
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IPv4 Network Addresses
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Binary and Decimal Conversion
IPv4 Addresses
Binary numbering system consists of the numbers 0 IPv4 addresses are commonly
and 1 called bits expressed in dotted decimal notation
• IPv4 addresses are expressed in 32 binary bits
divided into 4 8-bit octets
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Binary and Decimal Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
To convert a binary IPv4 address to decimal enter the 8-bit binary number of each octet under the
positional value of row 1 and then calculate to produce the decimal.
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IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
An IPv4 address is
hierarchical.
• Composed of a
Network portion and
Host portion.
All devices on the
same network must
have the identical
network portion. [Link]
[Link]
The Subnet Mask
helps devices
identify the network
portion and host [Link]
[Link]
portion. [Link]
[Link]
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IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
Three IPv4 addresses must be
configured on a host:
Unique IPv4 address of the host.
Subnet mask - identifies the
network/host portion of the IPv4
address.
Default gateway -IP address of
the local router interface.
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IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask (Cont.)
The IPv4 address is compared to the subnet mask bit by bit, from left to right.
A 1 in the subnet mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the IPv4 address is a network
bit.
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IPv4 Address Structure
Logical AND
A logical AND is one of three
basic binary operations used in
digital logic.
Used to determine the Network
Address
The Logical AND of two bits yields
the following results:
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IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
The Prefix Length:
• Shorthand method
of expressing the
subnet mask.
• Equals the
number of bits in
the subnet mask
set to 1.
• Written in slash
notation, / followed
by the number of
network bits.
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IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
Types of Addresses:
• Network Address - host portion
is all 0s (.00000000)
• First Host address - host portion
is all 0s and ends with a 1
(.00000001)
• Last Host address - host portion
is all 1s and ends with a 0
(.11111110)
• Broadcast Address - host
portion is all 1s (.11111111)
[Link]
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Static IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
Some devices like printers, servers and network devices require a fixed IP address.
Hosts in a small network can also be configured with static addresses.
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Dynamic IPv4 Address Assignment to a Host
Most networks use Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to
assign IPv4 addresses
dynamically.
The DHCP server provides an
IPv4 address, subnet mask,
default gateway, and other
configuration information.
DHCP leases the addresses to
hosts for a certain length of time.
If the host is powered down or
taken off the network, the address
is returned to the pool for reuse.
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing
In 1981, Internet IPv4 addresses were
assigned using classful addressing (RFC 790)
Network addresses were based on 3 classes:
• Class A ([Link]/8 to [Link]/8) – Designed to support
extremely large networks with more than 16 million host
addresses.
• Class B ([Link] /16 – [Link] /16) – Designed to
support the needs of moderate to large size networks up
to approximately 65,000 host addresses.
• Class C ([Link] /24 – [Link] /24) – Designed
to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts.
Note: There is also a Class D multicast block consisting of
[Link] to [Link] and a Class E experimental address
block consisting of [Link] - [Link].
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private Addresses
• Not routable
• Introduced in mid 1990s due to depletion of IPv4
addresses
• Used only in internal networks.
• Must be translated to a public IPv4 to be routable.
• Defined by RFC 1918
Private Address Blocks
• [Link] /8 [Link] to [Link]
• [Link] /12 [Link] to [Link]
• [Link] /16 [Link] to [Link]
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Special User IPv4 Addresses
Loopback addresses ([Link] /8 or
[Link])
• Used on a host to test if the TCP/IP
configuration is operational.
Link-Local addresses ([Link] /16 or
[Link])
• Commonly known as Automatic Private IP
Addressing (APIPA) addresses.
• Used by Windows client to self configure if no
DHCP server available.
TEST-NET addresses ([Link]/24 or [Link] to
[Link])
• Used for teaching and learning.
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Classless Addressing
Classful Addressing wasted
addresses and exhausted the
availability of IPv4 addresses.
Classless Addressing
Introduced in the 1990s
• Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR, pronounced
“cider”)
• Allowed service providers to
allocate IPv4 addresses on
any address bit boundary
(prefix length) instead of only
by a class A, B, or C.
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
IPv4 Communication
Unicast – one to one Broadcast– one to Multicast – one to a
communication. all. select group.
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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Transmission
Unicast – one to one Multicast– one to a select Broadcast– one to all
communication. group. • Message sent to everyone in the
• Use the address of the • [Link] to [Link] LAN (broadcast domain.)
destination device as the addresses reserved for multicast. • destination IPv4 address has all
destination address. • routing protocols use multicast ones (1s) in the host portion.
transmission to exchange routing
information.
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Exercise
IP Address Public or Private?
[Link] Private
[Link] Private
[Link] Public
[Link] Public
[Link] Public
[Link] Private
[Link] Private
[Link] Private
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Exercise
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Exercise
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Exercise
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IPv6 Network Addresses
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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6
IPv6 versus IPv4:
• Has a larger 128-bit address space
• 340 undecillion addresses
• Solves limitations with IPv4
• Adds enhancement like address auto-
configuration.
Why IPv6 is needed:
• Rapidly increasing Internet population
• Depletion of IPv4
• Issues with NAT
• Internet of Things
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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
Migration from IPv4 to IPv6 Techniques
Dual stack - Devices Tunneling - The IPv6 Translation - Network
run both IPv4 and IPv6 packet is encapsulated Address Translation 64
protocol stacks inside an IPv4 packet. (NAT64) allows IPv6-enabled
simultaneously. devices to communicate with
IPv4 devices.
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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
IPv6 Addresses: Preferred format for IPv6 representation
• 128 bits in length
• Every 4 bits is represented by a single
hexadecimal digit
• Hextet - unofficial term referring to a segment of
16 bits or four hexadecimal values.
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1 – Omit Leading 0s
In order to reduce or compress IPv6
• First rule is to omit leading zeros in any hextet.
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
Rule 2 – Omit
All 0 Segments
• A double colon
(::) can replace
any single,
contiguous
string of one or
more 16-bit
segments
(hextets)
consisting of all
0s.
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
Examples
Compress IPv6 adresses Expand IPv6 adresses
2041:0000:140F:0000:0000:0000:875B:131B fd00:0:0:4100::
2041:0:140F::875B:131B fd00:0000:0000:4100:0000:0000:0000:0000
fd00:2600:0000:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000 fd00:8203:0:ac00::4000:0
fd00:2600:0:2::
fd00:8203:0000:ac00:0000:0000:4000:0000
fd80:0000:0020:0000:0000:2700:0000:0002
fd80:0:20::2700:0:2 © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types
Three types of IPv6
addresses:
• Unicast- Single source IPv6
address.
• Multicast - An IPv6 multicast
address is used to send a
single IPv6 packet to multiple
destinations.
• Anycast - An IPv6 anycast
address is any IPv6 unicast
address that can be
assigned to multiple devices.
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types
IPv6 Anycast Addresses
Anycast addresses can be considered a conceptual cross between unicast and
multicast addressing.
o anycast says “send to any one member of this group”.
Naturally, in choosing which member to send to, we would for efficiency reasons
normally send to the closest one—closest in routing terms. So we can normally also
consider anycast to mean “send to the closest member of this group”.
Anycast was specifically intended to provide flexibility in situations where we need a
service that is provided by a number of different servers or routers but don't really care
which one provides it.
In routing, anycast allows datagrams to be sent to whichever router in a group of
equivalent routers is closest, to allow load sharing amongst routers and dynamic
flexibility if certain routers go out of service.
Datagrams sent to the anycast address will automatically be delivered to the device that
is easiest to reach.
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
The IPv6 prefix length is used to indicate the network portion of an IPv6 address:
• The prefix length can range from 0 to 128.
• Typical IPv6 prefix length for most LANs is /64
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Global Unicast -
These are globally
unique, Internet
routable addresses.
Link-local - used to
communicate with
other devices on the
same local link.
Confined to a single
link.
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Loopback
• Used by a host to send a packet to itself and
cannot be assigned to a physical interface
• Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the
configuration of TCP/IP on the local host
• All-0s except for the last bit, represented
as ::1/128 or just ::1
Unspecified address
• All-0’s address represented as ::/128 or just ::
• Cannot be assigned to an interface and is only
used as a source address
• An unspecified address is used as a source
address when the device does not yet have a
permanent IPv6 address or when the source of
the packet is irrelevant to the destination
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Unique local
• Similar to private addresses for
IPv4
• Used for local addressing
within a site or between a
limited number of sites
• In the range of FC00::/7 to
FDFF::/7
IPv4 embedded
• The IPv4-compatible address,
0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z or ::w.x.y.z
• Used to help transition from
IPv4 to IPv6
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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
IPv6 link-local addresses:
• Enable a device to communicate
with other IPv6-enabled devices
on the same link only.
• Are created even if the device
has not been assigned a global
unicast IPv6 address.
• Are in the FE80::/10 range.
Note: Typically, it is the link-local address
of the router that is used as the default
gateway for other devices on the link.
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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
Currently, only global unicast
addresses with the first three
bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being
assigned
A global unicast address has
three parts:
• Global routing prefix -
network, portion of the address
that is assigned by the
provider. Typically /48.
• Subnet ID – Used to subnet
within an organization.
• Interface ID - equivalent to the
host portion of an IPv4
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Exercise
How do you correctly compress the following IPv6 address:
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0c50
A. 2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:0:0c50
B. 2001:0db8::0c50
C. 2001:db8::c50
D. 2001:db8::c5
You have a device with a MAC address of b4-ad-bb-dc-1f-07. What will be the
automatically generated link-local address?
A. ff02::b6ad:bbff:fedc:1f07
B. fe80::b6ad:bbff:fedc:1f07
C. 2001::b4ad:bbff:fedc:1f07
D. 2003::b4ad:bbdc:1f07
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