CIS 81 Fundamentals of Networking

Chapter 6: Network Layer

CCNA Introduction to Networking 5.0

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@[Link]
Routing
 Host Can Send a Packet To Itself
 The IP address [Link] is a loopback interface that is automatically
assigned to a TCP/IP host.
 Any IP address within the network [Link]/8 refers to the local
host.
 Useful for testing purposes.
C:\Users\Admin> ping [Link]

Pinging [Link] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from [Link]: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for [Link]:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

C:\Users\Admin>

3
 Host Can Send a Packet To a Local Host

 Hosts on the same network, sending host and receiving host share the
same network address.

 PC1 ([Link] /24) sends a packet to PC2 ([Link] /24)

 Since they are both on the same network (192.168.10.x /24) the
services of a default gateway are not required.

.10
PC1 [Link]/24
.1
.11 G0/0
PC2

R1
.10 G0/1
PC3 .1

.11 [Link]/24
PC4
4
Host Can Send a Packet To a Remote Host
 When a host on a remote network, the hosts do not share the same
network address.
 A default gateway IP address is required.

 PC1 ([Link] /24) sends a packet to PC4 ([Link] /24)

 Since they are on different networks (192.168.10.x /24 and
192.168.11.x /24) the services of a default gateway is required.

.10
PC1 [Link]/24
.1
.11 G0/0
PC2

R1
.10 G0/1
PC3 .1

.11 [Link]/24
PC4
5
Host Can Send a Packet To a Remote Host
 The default gateway is the device (i.e, router) that routes traffic
from the local network to remote networks.
 A host sending a packet to a remote host does not maintain
routing information beyond the local network.
 The default gateway maintains a routing table containing directly
connected and remote network route information.

.10
PC1 [Link]/24
.1
.11 G0/0
PC2

R1
.10 G0/1
PC3 .1

.11 [Link]/24
PC4
6
Default Gateway

7
Configuring Default Gateway on Hosts
 The default gateway address can be configured on the host
manually or learned dynamically.

8
 Default Gateway – ipconfig

C:\Users\Admin>ipconfig

Windows IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : [Link]

Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::b572:c6c:f983:cadc%11
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : [Link]

C:\Users\Admin>

9
C:\Users\Admin> ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : Admin-wxp

Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : [Link]
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : [Link]

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : [Link]
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/1000 PL
Network Connection
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-16-41-E4-82-43
Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
[Link]
<Output omitted>
C:\Users\Admin>
10
Host Packet Forwarding Decision

 So how does a host keep track of whether or not to forward packets

to the default gateway?
 Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure that
network layer packets are directed to the correct destination
network.
11
Host Routing Table
C:\Users\PC1> netstat -r

<Output omitted>

IPv4 Route Table

===========================================================================
Active Routes:

 The local table of the host typically contains:

 Direct connection - A route to the loopback interface
([Link]).
 Local network route - The host’s network IP address.
 Local default route - The default route which is the IP address
of the network interface of the router that is connected to the
local network.
 The route print or netstat -r command can be used to
display the host routing table on a Windows host.
 Both commands generate the same output.
 The commands displays interface information, IPv4 route in
formation and IPv6 route information 12
 Lists reachable networks

netstat IPv4 Information Lists a subnet mask used by the host to

determine the network / host portions of the IP
address.
Lists the address to get to a remote network. A
directly reachable destination displays “On-link”.

Lists the address of the physical interface used to

send the packet to the gateway.
C:\Users\PC1> netstat -r
Lists the cost of each route and is used to
determine the best route to a destination.
<Output omitted>

IPv4 Route Table

===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] 25
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
===========================================================================

<Output omitted>

13
 [Link]
• This is the local default route.
• Forwards all non-matching packets.

netstat IPv4 Information • All non-matching destination routes are sent to [Link]
(R1) exiting from the interface with IP address [Link].

[Link] – [Link]
• These loopback addresses all relate to the direct connection
and provide services to the local host.

[Link] - [Link]
• These addresses all relate to the host and local network.
• [Link] - The local network route address.
C:\Users\PC1> netstat -r • [Link] - The address of the local host.
• [Link] - The network broadcast address.
<Output omitted>
[Link]
IPv4 Route Table • Special multicast addresses reserved for use through either
the loopback interface or the host IP address.
===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] 25
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
===========================================================================
[Link]
<Output omitted> • Limited broadcast IP address values for use through either the
loopback interface or the host IP address.

14
PC1 wants to ping PC2.
Which route will be chosen?

C:\Users\PC1> netstat -r

<Output omitted>

IPv4 Route Table

===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] 25
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
===========================================================================

<Output omitted>

15
PC1 wants to ping [Link].
Which route will be chosen?

C:\Users\PC1> netstat -r

<Output omitted>

IPv4 Route Table

===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] 25
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 306
[Link] [Link] On-link [Link] 281
===========================================================================

<Output omitted>

16
Default Gateway on a Switch S1# show running-config
Building configuration...
!
<output omitted>
service password-encryption
!
hostname S1
!
Interface Vlan1
ip address [Link]
!
ip default-gateway [Link]
<output omitted>

.10
PC1 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
.1 .1
G0/0 G0/1 S2
S1 R1
.11 .5
PC2

 A switch must (should) also be configured with a default gateway

address, because packets that originate from the switch are
handled just like packets that originate from a host device.
 This is not used by normal user frames!
17
 Use the ip default-gateway global config command.
Default Gateway on a Switch
 For example, the administrator wants to Telnet to the S1.
 Without the default gateway configured on S1, packets from S1
would not be able to reach the administrator at [Link].
S1# show running-config
Building configuration...
!
<output omitted>
service password-encryption
!
hostname S1
!
Interface Vlan1
ip address [Link]
!
ip default-gateway [Link]
<output omitted>

.10
PC1 [Link]/24 [Link]/24
.1 .1
S1 G0/0 G0/1 S2
.11 R1
PC2 .5

18
Router Routing Tables
Routers

 A router is the main infrastructure device that makes forwarding

decisions on any network.
 It’s goal is to forward a packet to its correct destination!
 To do so, a router keeps track of local and remote networks.
 This information is stored in a routing table.
20
Routing IP Packets

21
Routing IP Packets

22
Routing IP Packets

23
Router Operational Goal

 Once a router receives a frame …

 De-capsulates the data link header.
 Examines the IP address to determine the destination network.
 Consults its routing tables to determine which of its interfaces it
will use to send the frame.
 It encapsulates the frame and forwards it.

24
Routing IP Packets

25
Routing IP Packets

26
Routing IP Packets

27
Routing IP Packets

28
Routing Table Routes

29
Routing Table
Routes

 The routing table of a router stores information about:

 Directly-connected routes:
 These routes come from the active router interfaces. Routers
 Add a directly connected route when an interface is
configured with an IP address and is activated.
 Remote routes:
 These routes come from remote networks connected to other
routers.
 Routes to these networks can either be manually configured
or dynamically learned using a dynamic routing protocol. 30
Routers and the Network Layer

31
 IPv4 Router Routing Table
[Link]/24 [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 32
 Directly Connected Interfaces
[Link]/24
.10 G0/0
PC1 [Link] /30
.1
.225
R1 S0/0/0
.10 .1
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24

 Two routing table entries are automatically created when an active

router interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask.
 C:
 Identifies a directly connected network.
 Directly connected networks are automatically created when
an interface is configured with an IP address and activated.
 L:
 Identifies that this is a local route, the IP address of the
interface.
 Local routes are automatically created when an interface is
configured with an IP address and activated.
33
 Directly Connected Routing Table Entries
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

A B C
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

A Identifies how the network was learned by the router.

B Identifies the destination network and how it is connected.
C Identifies the interface on the router connected to the destination network.

34
 Remote Network Routing Table Entries
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0

A Identifies how the network was learned by the router.

B Identifies the destination network.
C Identifies the administrative distance (trustworthiness) of the route source.
D Identifies the metric to reach the remote network.
E Identifies the next hop IP address to reach the remote network.
F Identifies the amount of elapsed time since the network was discovered.
G Identifies the outgoing interface on the router to reach the destination network.

35
 Destination Network
[Link]/24 [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 36
 Next-Hop Address
[Link]/24 [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 37
 PC1 wants to ping another
host on the same network
Which Route?
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 38
 PC1 wants to ping PC2

Which Route?
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 39
 PC1 wants to ping the R2
WAN Interface
Which Route?
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 40
 PC1 wants to ping
[Link]
Which Route?
[Link]/24 [Link] [Link]/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 [Link] /30
.1 .1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

[Link]/24 [Link]/24

R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

[Link]/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D [Link]/24 [90/2170112] via [Link], 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
[Link]/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C [Link]/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L [Link]/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1# 41
A Day in the Life of a Packet

42
A Day in the Life of a Packet

43
A Day in the Life of a Packet

44
A Day in the Life of a Packet

45
A Day in the Life of a Packet

46
A Day in the Life of a Packet

47
A Day in the Life of a Packet

48
A Day in the Life of a Packet

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