STATISTICS
and
PROBABILITY
Agnes Andra P.
Bontia
RECALL
Directions: Arrange the letters to come up with the right words
1. It is the study of the collection, analysis,
interpretation, presentation, and organization of
data.
ASSTSITCIT
STATISTICS
2. It is the measure of the likelihood of an event
to happen.
BIPBIYTAO
R L
PROBABILIT
Y
Recall:
What is Statistics and
Probability?
Statist Probabilit
- is more
ics about - isy all about
how we handle chance
various data using
different
- thetechniques
branches of mathematics concerned
with the laws governing random events,
including the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and display of numerical
data.
3. It is a way to organise, represent and
describe a collection of data using tables,
graphs, and summary measures.
ESDPITVEIR
C
DESCRIPTIV
E
4. It is used to interpret the meaning of
Descriptive statistics
FEINETLIAR
N
INFERENTIA
L
is a way to organise,
represent and is used to interpret
describe a collection the meaning of
of data using tables, Descriptive statistics
graphs, and
summary measures.
5. It is an assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may not be
true.
SHOPYHTSI
E
HYPOTHESI
S
Tests of Hypothesis
Q4
MELC:
Illustrates:
(a) null hypothesis
(b) alternative hypothesis
(c) level of significance
(d) rejection region; and
(e) types of errors in hypothesis
testing
Objectives:
1. Illustrate null and
alternative hypothesis
2. Differentiate a null
hypothesis from
alternative hypothesis
Ask learners to react on the government pronouncement
about El Niño phenomenon. Describe the El Niño
phenomenon and its possible consequences further.
“The country will
experience El Niño
phenomenon in the next
few months.”
Possible Answers:
The occurrence of El Niño
phenomenon is not sure.
There is a possibility that El Niño
phenomenon may not occur.
The effects of El Niño phenomenon are
devastating to the country.
Some of the consequences of the El Niño
phenomenon are tolerable while other
consequences
The validity are not. could be
of the statement
tested based on some empirical facts.
Guide Questions:
1. How did you find
the activity?
2. Is the pronouncement true
or false? Why?
* The pronouncement is a claim that may be true or
false. Because such claim could be referred to as a
statistical hypothesis.
A statistical hypothesis is a claim or a
conjecture that may either be true or
false. The claim is usually expressed in
terms of the value of a parameter or the
distribution of the population values.
* Based on the statistical data, the average monthly
rainfall in Cebu (in mm) is shown in below graph.
Guide Questions:
1. How did you fine the
activity?
2. Is the pronouncement true
or false? Why?
3. Will you accept or reject the
reactions from your classmates?
The learners are either to accept the
statement or to reject it. These actions
are brought about by a decision
whether the statement is true or false.
Some of the learners may believe that
the statement is true, hence they
accept the pronouncement. Others may
think that the statement is false, hence
they reject the claim.
Guide Questions:
1. How did you fine the
activity?
2. Is the pronouncement true
or false? Why?
3. Will you accept or reject the
reactions from your classmates?
4. What are the possible consequences if
the pronouncement for you is true? Or
false?
Possible consequences of accepting that the statement is
true include:
(a) increase the importation of rice, fruits & vegetables in
anticipation of supply shortage;
(b) buy materials for water storage;;
(c) invest in programs to make Filipinos ready; and the
like.
On the other hand, when the statement is rejected
because we think it is false, possible consequences are
(a) We are not prepared for rice and water shortage;
(b) Farmers experience great loss on production; or
(c) We do not do anything.
Null Hypothesis
In statistics, a hypothesis is an
assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may
or may not be true.
In the scientific method, the
hypothesis is constructed before
any applicable research has been
done.
➢ Null is defined as having no
value or amounting to nothing
denoted by 𝑯o, that states that
➢ Null hypothesis is a statement
there is no difference, no
changes, nothing happened, no
relationship between a
parameter and a specific value,
or the independent variable has
➢ It makes a statement about
the population not the sample.
The true value of the population
parameter is specified in writing
the null hypothesis
Below are the common phrases used in
hypothesis testing that will guide you in
choosing the correct symbol to be used in
formulating null hypothesis.
Exampl
es:
1. The current percentage of unmarried
couples is 34%.
Ho : µ = 0.34
2. The average lifespan extension of
rechargeable battery is at most 48
months.
Ho: µ ≤ 48
3. On the average, the dosage sold
under this brand is no less than 50 mg.
Ho : µ ≥ 50
lternative Hypothesis
statement denoted by 𝑯𝟏, is a
➢ Alternative hypothesis, a
statement that states that there
is a difference, an effect, change,
or a relationship between a
parameter and a specific value;
the independent variable has an
➢ An alternative hypothesis is a
statement that directly contradicts a
null hypothesis by stating that that
the actual value of a population
parameter is less than, greater than,
or not equal to the value stated in
the null hypothesis.
In symbol,
it is
written as:
Below are the common phrases used in
hypothesis testing that will guide you in
choosing the correct symbol to be used in
formulating alternative hypothesis.
Exampl
es:The current percentage of unmarried
1.
couples is greater than 34%.
H1 : µ > 0.34
2. The average lifespan extension of
rechargeable battery is less than 48
months.
H1 the
3. On the average, :µ< 48
dosage sold
under this brand is not equal to 50 mg.
H1 : µ ≠ 50
State the null and alternative hypotheses for
each statement.
1. The average age of bus drivers in
Cebu is 38.8 years.
Ho: µ = 38.8
years
H1: µ ≠38.8
years
2. The average number of calories of a
low-calorie meal is below 300.
Ho: µ = 300
calories
H1: µ < 300 calories
State the null and alternative hypotheses for
each statement.
3. The school record claims that the
mean score in Math of the incoming
Grade 11 students is 81. The teacher
wishes to find out if the claim is true.
She tests if there is significant
difference
Ho: between
The mean score the batch
of the mean
incoming
score and
Grade the
11 is mean
Ho:
81. µ=score
81 of students
in1:her
H Theclass.
mean score of the incoming
Grade 11 is not H181.
: µ ≠ 81
Directions: Ask the learners to identify below
statements if it is a null or alternative hypothesis
and write its mathematical symbol.
1. The average number of years to finish basic
education is 14 years.
2. The mean number of new normal learning
facilities a school has is not more than five.
3. The mean weekly expenses of a family
during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at
most by 15%.
4. Higher than 70% of the public schools
used blended learning delivery mode.
5. There is no significant difference between
the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for
manufacturing workers.
Directions: Ask the learners to identify below
statements if it is a null or alternative hypothesis
and write its mathematical symbol.
1. The average number of years to finish basic
education is 14 years.
Ans: Null Hypothesis; HO : µ = 14
2. The mean number of new normal learning
facilities a school has is not more than five.
Ans: Alternative Hypothesis;
3. The H 1 : µ weekly
mean <5 expenses of a family
during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at
most by Ans:
15%. Null Hypothesis; Ho : µ
≤ 0.15
4. Higher than 70% of the public schools
used blended learning delivery mode.
Ans: Alternative Hypothesis;
H1 : µ > 0.7
5. There is no significant difference between
the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for
manufacturing workers.
Ans: Null Hypothesis; Ho :
µ=0
QUIZ:
Directions: Complete the table below. Number 1 is already
done for you.
≥
ANSWERS:
less than
THANK
YOU!