Inquiries, Investiga-
tions and Im-
mersion (3 Is)
Module 3:
Reading on
Related Stud-
ies
Content of Module 3
01 Related Literature and its Cita-
tion
02 Synthesizing Information
from Relevant Literature
03 Writing a Coherent Review
of Related Literature
04 Use of Ethical Standards in
Citing Related Literature
Related Literature
and its Citation
Content 1 Module 3
Review of Related Literature
“
“
gives an overview of all the writings relative to a
specific topic.
quality research paper
PRIMARY SOURCE- publica- SECONDARY SOURCE- publica-
tions or writings wherein a tions or writings wherein a cer-
researcher reports the results tain author describes
of his studies. the work of another author.
means of informing your readers that certain informa-
Citation tion came from a specific source and you just bor-
rowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or
data of your research.
TWO MANNER OF CITATION
In-text citation refers to all Referencing list refers to
of the citations that can be the bibliography and/or refer-
found in all of the chapters in ences of your research paper.
your research paper
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
1. Author’s name 3. The page number where you found the
2. Date of the publication of the information
4. Publisher
source 5. Place of Publishing
3. The page number where you 6. Volume
found the information 7. Edition
THREE GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION
01 By author or writer
Cruz (2002) states that
research is …
information coming from a specific author will Dela Torre (2005) described
be discussed separately from the others.. the research as …
02 By topic
This method of citation is used when several au-Accordingly, research is …
(Rio, 2000; Luna &
thors or sources give the same information about Magsaysay, 2005)
a certain topic.
By Chronological Yu (2005) states that …
03 Involves sequencing the information And (2007) discussed about…
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
based on the year it was published.
THREE (3) MOST COMMON CITATION STYLES (In-citation text)
American Psychological Modern Language Chicago Manual of Style
Association (APA) Association (MLA) (CMS)
In-text citation
Author’s surname (date) (Author’s surname page)
End note:
(Author’s surname date, page)
By author: In-text Citation: Levi discussed that
Lee (2005) states that By author: today’s tap water is not suitable for
drinking anymore.1
the earth is … Grey stated that …. (50). Endnote: John Levi, Our water of to-
day, (New York, LMR Publishing,
2016), 305
By topic: By topic:
The composition of Accordingly, (Grey 50). By topic:
Earth is … (Lee, 2005) It is stated that …
(Cruz 2003, 378).
THREE (3) MOST COMMON CITATION STYLES (In-citation text)
American Psychological Chicago Manual of Style
Association (APA) (CMS)
Author’s surname (date) In-text citation
End note:
(Author’s surname date, page)
Two or More Authors
By Author Two or More Authors
Kim and Lee (2009) state that … In-text Citation: Levi and Charles
Twodiscussed that today’s tap water is not suitable
or More Authors
Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) for drinking anymore.1
discussed … It is stated that … (Cruz and Torres 2003, 378).
Endnote: John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR
Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By Topic
It is stated that … (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
Publishing, 2016),
305
Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009)
Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, In-text Citation: Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for
Young & Yu, 2015). drinking anymore.1
Today’s generation … Endnote: John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing,
(Lee et al., 2015). 2016), 305
American Psychological
Association (APA)
Citation for works with associations, corporations, government agencies,
etc., as the author
First Citation: Department of Education [DepEd] (2012)…
Second Citation:DepEd (2012) discussed …
Citation for websites without author but with the year published
By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ….
By topic: It is said that … (“The Solar System”, 2012)
Citation for websites with an author but without year published
By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)
Referencing List references/bibliography section of the paper
American Psychological Association (APA)
BOOKS
Format: Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials, (Year of publication). Title of work:
Subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Example: James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los
Angeles, California: LMS Publishing.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages.
Example: Gonzales, P. (2010). Chemistry and life: A study on the functions and importance of chem-
istry in daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 887-893.
ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES
Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://
[Link]/full/url/
Example: Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News. Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]/the_election_mania_2019
Referencing List references/bibliography section of the paper
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)
BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher,
Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the Universe: Knowing the Truth out
of Our Existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009. Print.
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title of Publication, volume
number, and issue number, (year of publication). Date of access.
[Note: (1) If the journal is exclusively available online, write “[Link].” to denote
that there is no pagination of the publication. (2) If there is a print copy,
provide a copy of the page number and the medium of publication used.]
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and
Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):
[Link]. 3 March 2011.
Referencing List references/bibliography section of the paper
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)
ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Arti-
cle. Date of Publication. Medium of publication. Date of access
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (13 Dec. 2018).
Web. 23 January 2019
ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date file was
created. Medium
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. 1 February 1998.
Power Point Presentation
Referencing List references/bibliography section of the paper
CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMS)
BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher,
Year of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of
our existence. Los Angeles, California: LMS Publishing, 2009.
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of Publication,
volume number, and issue number, (year of publication). Pages. Date when
accessed. URL.
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. “Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and
Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life”. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010):
887-893. March 3, 2011. [Link]
Referencing List references/bibliography section of the paper
CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMS)
ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES
Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article,
Date of [Link]. Date of access (if necessary)
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13, 2018).
[Link] January 23, 2019
ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES
Format: Last name. First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date of access or if
available, date last modified. URL:
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
[Link]
Synthesizing Information
from Relevant Literature
Content 2 Module 3
• Extract
• Find similarities
Synthesis is defined as
and differences a combination of
information and
discussion from
one or more relevant
sources of infor-
mation.
TWO WAYS OF
According to the Divine PRESENTING IN-
Creation Theory, the world FORMATION
was created by the
Almighty. All creatures are Explanatory synthesis
made into life through his deals with presenting the
power. He crafted the information through
universe in just 6 days. He explanations and
made the human beings from presents it objectively.
sand and blessed them with
life through his breath.
TWO WAYS OF
PRESENTING IN-
The world is made through
evolution and scientific reactions, FORMATION
wherein all living creatures un- Argument synthesis
dergo different mutations and enables a researcher to
reactions to become what it is present his/her
right now. This statement is point of view from a
supported by the Theory of certain topic in a logical
Evolution by Natural Selection manner. Information that
which is published by Charles is written using an
Darwin. argument synthesis is
usually debatable.
CATEGORIES OF SOURCES
Documents
01 published or non- published
state
Numerical records
02 numerical data
Oral statements
03 Stories, myths, legends, songs
and other forms of oral data
04 Relics
information about the past
WRITING A SYNTHESIS
1. Consider your purpose in writing.
2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your
purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis.
4. Decide how will you use your source materials and take
down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your
organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis
TECHNIQUES IN SYNTHESIZING
[Link]
[Link] or illustration
[Link] (or more) Reasons
[Link] and Contrast
Writing a Coherent Review
of Related Literature
Content 3 Module 3
MAJOR SECTIONS OF RRL
INTRODUCTION
• composed of a single paragraph wherein information about
the general topic of your research is presented.
• overview of the contents of your RRL highlighting the
points (main idea).
BODY
• focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you
have gathered.
• Logical manner and thematic.
CONCLUSION
• Single paragraph that functions in providing a summary of
the overall state of knowledge about your topic.
In presenting your review of related literature …
There appears to be evidence that …
The literature has shown …
The foregoing literature has shown …
The data supporting the hypothesis
are …
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
Focused Concise
Logical Developed
Integrative Current
SYNTHESIS MATRIX
TITLE OF THE REFERENCE: ________________________________________________________________
AUTHOR & DATE OF PUBLICATION: _________________________________________________________
PUBLISHER, PLACE OF PUBLISHING, VOLUME, EDITION:_______________________________________
MAIN IDEA OR THEME COPY AND PASTED PARAPHRASED
INFORMATION INFORMATION
Method
(Just simply cite it to
serve as basis)
Idea or Theme
(Indicate the context)
Use of Ethical Standards in
Citing Related Literature
Content 4 Module 3
ETHICS in Research
can be defined as the norms for con-
duct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behav-
iors.
FUNCTION OF ETHICS:
ETHICAL RELATIVISM a person feels his/her value is better
than any other person’s value.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES refers to values that are translated
into rules or standards of conduct.
ETHICAL DILEMMA evident conflict
between values and principles and the choice of action
needs to be decided
Ethics in research follow eight (8)
principles N E S S
E N
OP
HONESTY T
S P E C
R E
OBJECTIVITY N ESS
OR THI
USTW SI
TR SPO N
INTEGRITY AL
EG
RE
ND L
I AL A LI T I ES
SOC BI
CAREFULNESS
POSSIBLE MISCONDUCTS IN RESEARCH
• FABRICATION AND FALSIFICATION
OF DATA - producing data without ac-
1. tual experimentation or altering data
in recording for the intention to fit
them to what is expected.
• NON-PUBLICATION OF DATA -
2. choosing not to include data be-
cause they do not conform
• FAULTY DATA GATHERING PROCE-
3. DURES - negligence or carelessness
that leads to errors in measurement
or faulty research instruments
4. • PLAGIARISM - act that involves claiming another person’s ideas
Thank you and God bless always!
End of Chapter 3
SYNTHESIS MATRIX
TITLE OF THE REFERENCE: ________________________________________________________________
AUTHOR & DATE OF PUBLICATION: _________________________________________________________
PUBLISHER, PLACE OF PUBLISHING, VOLUME, EDITION:_______________________________________
MAIN IDEA OR THEME COPY AND PASTED PARAPHRASED
INFORMATION INFORMATION
Method
(Just simply cite it to
serve as basis)
Idea or Theme
(Indicate the context)
Positive impact
Negative impact
Characteristics or Fea-
tures
SYNTHESIS MATRIX
TITLE OF THE REFERENCE: Impact of ChatGPT on Learning Motivation: Teachers and Students' Voices
AUTHOR & DATE OF PUBLICATION: Jamal Kaid Mohammed Ali (2022)
PUBLISHER, PLACE OF PUBLISHING, VOLUME, EDITION: Journal of English Studies in Arabia Felix,
University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia, Vol. 2 No. 1
MAIN IDEA OR THEME COPY AND PASTED PARAPHRASED
INFORMATION INFORMATION
Method All highlighted
(Just simply cite it to goes in
serve as basis)
Idea or Theme All highlighted
(Indicate the context) goes in
Positive impact
Negative impact
Characteristics or Features
PARTS OF CHAPTER 2
[Link] – 1 paragraph; “teaser”
[Link] – thematic, paraphrased, in-text
citation (APA)
[Link] – 1 paragraph; “summary”