Muscles
Learning Outcomes
• Muscle
• Types
• Structure
Muscles
Types of Muscles
Nucleus
Striations
Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles
Striations
Intercalated disc
Cardiac Muscles
Muscle is made up of many
cells which are referred to
as: (UHS 2011)
A. Myofilaments
B. Sarcolemma
C. Myofibrils
D. Muscles Fiber
The pigment which stores
oxygen in muscles is:
(UHS 2011)
A. Haemoglobin
B. Myosin
C. Myoglobin
D. Actin
Which one of the following
structures hold the bones
together? (UHS 2014)
A. Joints
B. Fibrous capsules
C. Cartilages
D. Ligaments
The smooth muscles
are:
A. Striated
B. Voluntary
[Link]
[Link]
The muscles associated
with the movement of
bones:
A. Smooth muscles
B. Cardiac muscles
C. Alary muscles
D. Skeletal muscles
Muscle Muscle
Bundle
Myofilament
Myofibrils
Muscle
Fiber
Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Skeletal Muscle Fiber
• Muscle consists of muscle
bundles
• Each muscle bundle
consists of muscle fibers
• Each muscle fiber is a long
cylindrical cell
• Multinucleate with oval
shape
• Nuclei arranged just beneath
its sarcolemma
• Muscle cell membrane is
sarcolemma
• Diameter is 10-100 µm
• Muscle cell cytoplasm is
sarcoplasm
• Sarcoplasm has stored
glycogen myoglobin
• Myofibrils run in parallel
fashion and extend entire
length of the cell
T-tubules
• Hollow elongated tubes
penetrating the cell,
• Formed by invagination of
sarcolemma
• Continuous with
extracellular fluid
T-tubules
• Hollow elongated tubes
penetrating the cell,
• Formed by invagination of
sarcolemma
• Continuous with
extracellular fluid
• Terminal part of sarcoplasmic
reticulum and T-tubule form
triads
• All the T- tubules of each
muscle cell are collectively
called T- System.
• These extend and encircle
the myofibril at the level of Z-
line or A-1 Junction.
Myofibrils
• 1-2 µm in diameter
• Run in parallel fashion and
extend along the entire length
of muscle cell
• Consist of smaller contractile
units called sarcomeres
• A series of dark and light
bands along their length
Quick Quiz
A-Band
• Anisotropic
• Polarizing
• Dark band
1-Band
• Isotropic
• Non-polarizing
• Light band
Appearance
• The alternating light and dark
bands give the cell striated
appearance.
H-Zone
• A lighter zone in the mid of A band
M-Line
A line in the centre of H-zone
Z-line
• A line in the centre of I-Band
Sarcomere
The region of a myofibril
between two successive Z-
lines and is the smallest
contractile unit of muscle
fiber.
Myofilaments
• Made up of thick and thin
filaments
• Thick filament extends the
entire length of the A band
• Thin filament extends
across the I-band and partly
into A- band
Thick Filament
• Extend the entire length of the
A-band.
• Composed of myosin
• 16 nm in diameter
• Has a tail consisting of two
long polypeptide chains coiled
together terminating in two
globular heads
• Each thick filament is
surrounded by six thin
filaments
• Heads are called cross-
bridges because they link
the thick and thin
myofilaments together
during contraction.
Thin Filaments
• 7-8 nm in diameter
• Composed chiefly of actin
molecules
• Two chains of actin twisted
around each other like a
twisted double strand of
pearls.
• Two chains of tropomyosin
are twisted around actin
chain
• Three polypeptide complex
called troponin
Troponin
The polypeptide complex found
at regular intervals on thin
filaments.
• TnI is an inhibitory subunit that
binds to actin
• TnT binds to tropomyosin and
helps position it on actin
• TnC binds calcium ions
Muscle is made up of many
cells which are referred to
as: (UHS 2011)
A. Myofilaments
B. Sarcolemma
C. Myofibrils
D. Muscles Fiber
The length of myofibril from
one Z-band to the next is
known as: (UHS 2011)
A. Sarcomere
B. Sarcoplasm
C. Sarcolemma
D. Muscle Fiber
Each muscle fibre is
surrounded by membrane
which is called:
(UHS 2012)
A. Sarcomere
B. Twitch fibre
C. Sarcolemma
D. Capsule
Where can we find H zone in
the figure of fine structure of
skeletal muscle's myofibril?
(UHS 2013)
A. In the mid of A band
B. Besides the Z-line
C. In I-band
D. Along the I-band
Sliding Filament Model
In 1954 H. Huxley and A.F. Huxley
and their colleagues suggested this
model
Motor Unit
All the fibers innervated by a single
motor neuron are a motor unit and
contract simultaneously in response
to the action potential fired by motor
neurons.
Sliding Filament Model
Rigor Mortis
• Stiffening of the body after death
• After death ATP level falls
• Cross bridges are not broken
Energy for Muscle Contraction
• By aerobic breakdown of glucose
• By anaerobic breakdown of
glucose
• By creatine phosphate
Effect of Exercise on Muscles
• Increase in size and strength
• Become more efficient and
fatigue resistant
• Increase in number of capillaries
• More myoglobin is synthesized
• More glycogen is stored
• Mitochondria increase in number
Muscle Atrophy
• Complete immobilization
leads to muscle weakness
and severe atrophy
During muscle contraction:
(UHS 2010)
A. Actin filaments shorten
B. I-band shortens
[Link] filaments shorten
D.Z-line disappears
Calcium ions released
during a muscle fiber
contraction attach with:
(UHS 2011)
A. Myosin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Actin
D. Troponin
When more energy is required in
muscle contraction then that
energy can also be produced by
as a secondary source:
(UHS 2014)
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Phosphocreatine
D. Lactic acid
According to sliding filament
theory, when muscle fibers are
stimulated by nervous system,
which of the following changes
occurs? (UHS 2015)
A. I-bands shorten
B. Z-lines move further apart
C. H-zone becomes more visible
D. A-bands shorten