Disaster Management and Mitigation
Measures - ILOC7017
Module – II
Dr. Seema Jagtap
Department of Civil Engineering
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology
Module II
Natural Disaster and Manmade disasters
• 2.1 Natural Disaster: Meaning and nature of
natural disaster, Flood, Flash flood, drought, cloud
burst, Earthquake, Landslides, Avalanches,
Volcanic eruptions, Mudflow, Cyclone, Storm,
Storm Surge, climate change, global warming, sea
level rise, ozone depletion
• 2.2 Manmade Disasters: Chemical, Industrial,
Nuclear and Fire Hazards. Role of growing
population and subsequent industrialization,
urbanization and changing lifestyle of human
beings in frequent occurrences of manmade
Natural Disaster
• a natural disaster is an event that is
caused by the natural forces of the earth
and results in great damage and possibly
loss of life.
Natural
Disasters
Geological Hydrological Meteorological Wild fires
Earthquakes Floods Droughts
Avalanche Cyclone
s and Land Tsunami and
slides Storms
Volcanic
Hailstorms
eruptions
Cold
Sink holes
waves
Heat wave
Earthquake
Earthquake
• Earthquakes are
one of the most
destructive of
natural hazards.
• Their impact is
most traumatic
because it
affects large
areas, occurs all
of a sudden and
is unpredictable.
Earthquake
• An earthquake is the movement or
trembling of the ground produced by the
sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's
crust.
• Earthquakes can result from crustal strain,
volcanism, landslides, and collapse of
caves.
Earthquake
• Stress accumulates in response to tectonic
forces until it exceeds the strength of the
rock. The rock then breaks along a pre-
existing or new fracture called a fault.
Earthquake
• The rupture extends outward in all
directions along the fault plane from its
point of origin (focus). The rupture travels
in an irregular manner until the stress is
relatively equalized.
• If the rupture disturbs the surface, it
produces a visible fault on the surface.
Earthquake
• Earthquakes are recorded by seismograph
• The magnitude of an earthquake is reported
in mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with
magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being
mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7
causing serious damage over large areas.
• Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the
actual energy released from an earthquake,
the intensity of an earthquake is not totally
determined by its magnitude.
Earthquake
• Intensity is a qualitative measure of the
actual shaking at a location during an
earthquake, and is assigned as Roman
Capital Numerals.
• The intensity scales are based on three
features of shaking –
i. perception of people
ii. performance of buildings
iii. changes in natural surroundings.
Earthquake
• Intensity scales represent the degree of damage,
which reduces as we go away from the main
shock source zone
• The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake
on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature,
and man-made structures on a scale from I (not
felt) to XII (total destruction).
• In India Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK-64),
macroseismic intensity scale is used to evaluate
the severity of ground shaking on the basis of
observed effects in an area of
Earthquake
Not felt, registered only by seismographs. No effect on objects. No damage to
I. Not perceptible
buildings.
II. Hardly
Felt only by individuals at rest. No effect on objects. No damage to buildings.
perceptible
III. Weak Felt indoors by a few. Hanging objects swing slightly. No damage to buildings.
Felt indoors by many. Moderate vibration. Observers feel a slight trembling or
IV. Largely swaying of the building, room, bed, chair etc. windows and doors rattle.
observed Hanging objects swing. Light furniture shakes visibly in a few cases. No
damage to buildings.
Felt indoors by most. A few people are frightened and run outdoors.
Observers feel a strong shaking or rocking of the whole building. Hanging
objects swing considerably. Doors and windows swing open or shut. In a few
V. Fairly strong
cases window panes break. Liquids oscillate and may spill from fully filled
containers. Animals indoors may become uneasy. Slight damage to a few
poorly constructed buildings.
Felt by most indoors and by many outdoors. A few persons lose their balance.
Small objects may fall and furniture may be shifted. Farm animals may be
VI. Strong
frightened. Visible damage to masonry structures, cracks in plaster. Isolated
cracks on the ground.
Earthquake
Most people are frightened and try to run outdoors. Furniture is shifted and
may be overturned. Objects fall from shelves. Water splashes from containers.
VII. Very strong
Serious damage to older buildings, masonry chimneys collapse. Small
landslides.
Many people find it difficult to stand, even outdoors. Furniture may be
overturned. Waves may be seen on very soft ground. Older structures partially
VIII. Damaging
collapse or sustain considerable damage. Large cracks and fissures opening up,
rockfalls.
General panic. People may be forcibly thrown to the ground. Waves are seen
on soft ground. Substandard structures collapse. Substantial damage to well-
IX. Destructive
constructed structures. Underground pipelines ruptured. Ground fracturing,
widespread landslides.
Masonry buildings destroyed, infrastructure crippled. Massive landslides.
X. Devastating Water bodies may be overtopped, causing flooding of the surrounding areas
and formation of new water bodies.
Most buildings and structures collapse. Widespread ground disturbances,
XI. Catastrophic
tsunamis.
XII. Very All surface and underground structures completely destroyed. Landscape
catastrophic generally changed, rivers change paths, tsunamis.
Earthquakes and India
• India lies at the north-western end of the
Indo-Australian Plate, This plate is
colliding against the huge Eurasian Plate
and going under the Eurasian Plate
• this process of one tectonic plate getting
under another is called subduction.
Seismic Zones of India
• The varying geology at different locations
in the country implies that the likelihood of
damaging earthquakes taking place in
different locations are different.
• Thus, a seismic zone map is required to
identify these regions.
• India has four seismic zones - II, III, IV and
V
Seismic Zones of India
Predicting Earthquakes
• It is not currently possible to make
deterministic predictions of when and where
earthquakes will happen.
• and hence the principal focus of many
researchers is on improving the forecasting
of earthquakes
• Research is required to find a characteristic
pattern of seismic activity or some other
physical, chemical or biological change,
which would indicate a high probability of an
Earthquake early warning
• Earthquake early warning (EEW) can provide
a few seconds of seconds warning prior to
ground shaking during an earthquake.
• Several countries, such as Japan, Taiwan,
Mexico have adopted this methodology
based on the fact that such warning can,
i. Rapidly detect the initiation of an earthquake,
ii. Determine the size (magnitude) and location
of the event,
iii. Predict the peak ground motion expected in
the region around the event
iv. Issue a warning to people in locations that
may expect significant ground motion.
Earthquake mitigation measures
• Design of Structures
• No building can be made 100% safe against
earthquake forces.
• Instead buildings and infrastructures can be
made earthquake resistant to a certain extent.
• Earthquake resistant design of buildings depends
upon providing the building with strength,
stiffness and deformation capacity, which are
enough to withstand a given level of earthquake-
generated force.
• This is generally accomplished through the
selection of an appropriate structural
configuration and the careful detailing of
structural members, such as beams and
Earthquake mitigation measures
• Seismic retrofitting -
• Seismic retrofitting is the modification of
existing structures to make them more
resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or
soil failure due to earthquakes. With better
understanding of seismic demand on the
structures and with our recent experiences with
large earthquakes near urban centres.
Earthquake Safety Tips
• Before & during
• Make your house earthquake resistant and
secure heavy furniture and objects.
• Choose a couple of family meeting places;
pick easy to identify, open and accessible
places that you can easily reach. Prepare to
be self-sufficient for a minimum of three days.
Earthquake Safety Tips
• Before & during
• If inside, stay inside. "DROP, COVER and
HOLD! Drop under firm furniture. Cover as
much of your head and upper body as you
can. Hold onto the furniture. Move to an
inside wall and sit with your back to the wall,
bring your knees to your chest and cover your
head. Stay away from mirror and window. Do
not exit the building during the shaking.
• If outdoors, move to an open area away from
all structures, especially buildings, bridges,
and overhead power lines.
Earthquake Safety Tips
• After
• Move cautiously, and check for unstable
objects and other hazards above and around
you. Check yourself for injuries.
• Anticipate aftershocks, especially if the
shaking lasted longer than two minutes.
• Stay out of damaged buildings. Listen to the
radio or watch local TV for emergency
information and additional safety instructions.
Land slides
6th Aug 19 – Badrinath -
Land slides
26th July 19 - Guizhou
Land slides
Aug 19 – NH-4 (Pune – Bengaluru
highway)
Land slides
Aug 19 – NH-4 (Pune –
Land slides
Land slides
• Landslides are defined as down slope
movement of rock, debris and/or earth
under the influence of gravity.
• This sudden movement of material causes
extensive damage to life, economy and
environment.
Land slides
Land slides
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
A) Passive Intervention
• Choose a safe location to build your
home, away from steep slopes and
places where landslides have occurred in
the past.
• Prevent deforestation and vegetation
removal.
• Avoid weakening the slope.
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
B) Active Preventive Intervention
• Reforestation: Root systems bind materials
together and plants do both prevent water
percolation and take water up out of the
slope.
• Proper water runoff must be ensured by
providing a proper canalization network.
• Drainage: good ground drainage is essential
to prevent saturation and consequent
weakening. Drainage is also needed in civil
work, like retaining walls.
• Proper land use measures: Adopt effective
land-use regulations and building codes
based on scientific research.
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
B) Active Preventive Intervention
• Structural measures:
Rock nets and Rock
bolting
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
B) Active Preventive Intervention
• Structural measures:
Gabion walls
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
B) Active Preventive Intervention
• Structural measures:
Drainage
• HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
B) Active Preventive Intervention
• Structural measures:
Bio engineering
HOW TO MINIMIZE LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
C) Non- Structural measures:
• Awareness generation: Educate the public about
signs that a landslide is imminent so that personal
safety measures may be taken.
• Financial Mechanisms: Support the establishment of
landslide insurance.
• Legal and Policy: legislation to direct a
governmental or private program to reduce
landslide losses should be strengthened.
D) Landslide Hazard Mapping and Use of GIS:
• Landslide Hazard Zonation of the Vulnerable Areas.
• Use of remote sensing and ground truth data for
making landslide hazard zone map.
• Here, such maps are used to develop mitigation
plans in consultation with experts.