Chapter
IV
1. Presentation
2. Analysis
3. Interpretation
Is the process of organizing
data into
and meaningful categories
logical, and
sequential
classifications to make them
amenable to study
interpretation. and
1. Textual - (statements with
numerals or numbers that
serve as supplements to
tabular presentation)
2. Tabular - (a systematic arrangement
of related idea in which classes of
numerical facts or data are given each
row and their subclasses are given
each a column in order to present the
relationships of the sets or numerical
facts or data in a definite, compact and
understandable form)
1. The table should be so
constructed
that it enables the reader to
comprehend the data
presented without referring to
the text;
2. The text should be so written that it
allows the reader to understand
the argument presented without
referring to the table. (Campbell,
3. Graphical – (a chart
representing the quantitative
variations or changes of
variables inpictorial or
diagrammatic form)
1. Bar graphs
2. Linear graphs
3. Pie graphs
4. Pictograms
5. Statistical maps
6. Ratio charts
A separation of a whole into its
constituent parts (Merriam-
Webster, 2012)
The process of breaking up the whole
study into its constituent parts of
categories according to the specific
questions under the statement of the
problem. (Calderon, 1993)
1. Qualitative Analysis –is not
based on precise
measurement and
quantitative claims.
(PSSC: 2001: 51)
[Link] analysis;
[Link] the biggest to the
smallest class;
[Link] important to the
least important;
[Link] of students according to
brightness;
2. Quantitative Analysis – is
employed on data that
have been assigned
some numerical value.
(PSSC: 2001: 51)
Itcan range from the
examination of simple frequencies
to the description of events
or phenomenon using descriptive
statistics, and to the
investigation of correlation and
causal hypothesis using
various statistical tests. (PSSC:
This section answers the
question, “So what?” in
relation to the results of the
study. What do the results of the
study mean?
This part is, perhaps, the most
critical aspect of the
research report.
It is often the most difficult to
write because it is the least
structured.
This section demands
perceptiveness and
creativity from the researcher.
How do we
interpret the
result(s) of our
study?
1. Tie up the results of the
study in both theory and
application by pulling
together the:
a. conceptual/theoretical
framework;
b. the review of
literature; and
2. Examine, summarize,
interpret and justify
the results; then, draw
inferences. Consider the
following:
a. Conclude or summarize
This technique enables the
reader to get the total picture
the findings
of insummarized
form, and helps orient
reader to the discussion the
follows. that
b. Interpret
Questions on the meaning
of the findings, the
methodology, the unexpected
results and the limitations and
shortcomings of thestudy
should be answered and
interpreted
c. Integrate
This is an attempt to put
the pieces together.
Often, theresults of a study
are disparate and do not
seem to
“hang together.” In the
discussion, attempt to bring the
findings together toextract
d. Theorize
When the study includes a
number of related findings, it
occasionally becomes possible
to theorize.
1. Integrate your findings
into a principle;
2. Integrate a theory into
your findings; and
3. Use these findings to
formulate an original
theory
e. Recommend or
apply alternatives
1. Table _____ presents the…
2. Table _____ indicates the…
3. As reflected in the table,
there
was…
4. As observed, there was
indeed…
5. Delving deeper into the
figures…
6. The illustrative graph
above/below shows that…
7. In explaining this result, it
can be stated that…
8. Is significantly related to…
9. Is found to be determinant
of…
10. Registered positive correlation
11. Is revealed to influence…
12. Has significant relationship
with…
13. Is discovered to be a
factor of…
14. In relation with the
result of
, it may be
15. And in viewing in this
sense, it can be stated
that…
16. The result establishes the
fact that…
17. This finding suggests
that…
18. With this result, the
19. This finding also validates
the findings of…
20. This improvement in
could be
understood in the
context of…
21. These findings also accept the
framework of the study…
22. The interpretation marked
as
reveals that…
23. Nevertheless, this finding
could be attributed to
the fact that…
24. Probably, this was also
influenced…
1. Thechapter is organized and
divided into several main
components or topics, each of
which is titled according
to the sub-problem or
hypothesis statement.
2. Present only relevant data.
3. In reporting data, choose the
medium that will present them
effectively.
4. Presenting tables that
canbe presented as well in
a few sentences in the
text must be avoided.
5. The textual presentation
should supplement or expand
the contents of tables and
charts, rather than
duplicate them.
6. Only objective data embodied in
tables are made the bases of
7. The analysis of the data
should be objective
and logical.
8. In analyzing and interpreting
data, point out those that are
consistent or inconsistent with the
theory presented in the study’s
9. In reporting statistical
tests of significance, include
information concerning the
value of the test, the degree
of freedom, the probability level
and the direction of the effect.
10. The findings are
compared and contrasted
with that of other previous
studies and interpretations
aremade thereof.