Basic Civil Engineering
(7CV106)
Mr. S. G. Rathod
Assistant Professor
Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli
(Government Aided Autonomous Institute)
Course Outcomes (CO) with Bloom’s Taxonomy Level
Basic Civil Engineering Syllabus
Basic Civil Engineering Syllabus
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING
Surveying may be defined as the art of
determining the relative positions of points on,
above or beneath the surface of the earth with
respect to each other by measurement of
horizontal distances, vertical distances, angles
and directions.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
• Always work from whole to the part, and
• To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular)
from fixed reference points.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
• Always work from whole to the part
• According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first
enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main
survey lines. The area is then divided into a number of
divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
• Always work from whole to the part
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
• To locate a new station by at least two measurements (Linear or
angular) from fixed reference points.
• According to the second principle the points are located by
linear or angular measurement or by both in surveying. If two
control points are established first, then a new station can be
located by linear measurement.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
• To locate a new station by at least two measurements (Linear or
angular) from fixed reference points.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Classification of Surveying
1. Primary Surveying
a) Plane Surveying
b) Geodetic Surveying
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Plane Surveying
• In plane surveying, the surface of the earth is treated as a plane surface,
without taking into account curvature of earth’s surface.
• It is used for small projects covering an area less than 250 square
kilometers.
• The curvature of the earth is not taken into account when calculating
distances.
• There is a low degree of survey accuracy.
• Plane surveys are used in the design of roads, railways, and canals, as well
as in the installation of boundary pillars and the building of bridges and
factories.
• Instruments used in plane surveying include chains, measuring tapes,
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Geodetic Surveying
• Geodetic surveying takes into account the curvature of the earth's surface
in order to achieve high precision.
• Geodetic survey is commonly used when surveys span over larger areas
more than 250 square kilometers.
• The curvature of the earth is taken into account when calculating
distances.
• There is high accuracy in the survey.
• The two points are so far apart that the curvature of the Globe cannot be
ignored.
• The primary goal of geodetic surveying is to establish the exact location of
remote points on the Earth’s surface.
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Geodetic Surveying
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Classification of Surveying
2. Secondary Surveying
Based on
Based on Place Objective
• Land Survey • Geological
• Marine Survey Survey
• Aerial Survey • Topographical
• Underground Survey
Survey (Mine • Cadastral Survey
Survey)
Module II: Surveying and Construction Materials
Module II: Linear Measurements
Odometer Speedometer
Tape
Passometer
Pedometer
Chain
Module II: Other Types of Surveying
Compass Survey
Theodolite
Prismatic Compass
Module II: Levelling
• Levelling is primarily used to
determine the relative height of
various points on, above, and
below the ground's surface.
Module II: Levelling