GENERAL

CHEMISTRY 2
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to;

1. Define boiling elevation and freezing point

depression from the concentration of a solute in a
solution.
[Link] problems involving boiling elevation and
freezing point depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution.
Terminologies:

[Link] property
It refers to a property of solution that does
not depend on the kind of matter (like
intensive property) but more specifically on the
amount of solute present in the solution.
2. Boiling Point
It refers to the temperature at which the
vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
[Link] Point
It refers to the temperature at which the
liquid starts to become solid.
4. Volatile
- Are those substance that readily
evaporates.

5. Nonvolatile
- Are those substance that does not turn to
vapor easily.
6. Electrolyte
-Are substances that tend to form ions and
can conduct electricity.

7. Nonelectrolyte
- Are substances that do not form ions and
does not conduct electricity when placed in
water.
 Kf- is the molal freezing point depression
constant, a constant that is equal to the
change in the freezing point for a 1 molal
solution of a non- volatile molecular solute.

 Tf- freezing point depression

Analyze.

“It is a hot summer day and you

have a picnic at the park or beach front
with your classmates, friends or
relatives with watermelon and “dirty ice
cream”. (Mmmmmm…tastes
good..refreshing…
 Why salt? Why the ice cream vendor add
salt to the ice?
 The ice cream is an old-fashioned
homemade kind ice cream. The
kind of where the maker has a tub
full of mix of ingredients immersed
in a bigger tub filled with ice and
salt.
ANSWER:

 Salt
is added to the ice in the ice cream-
making process to lower the freezing
point of the ice. This is based on the
principle of freezing point depression,
which is a colligative property
 When salt is added to the ice, it dissolves in
the water that surrounds the ice and disrupts
the ability of the water molecules to form
solid ice. This lowers the freezing point of the
ice, meaning the ice can now stay at a
temperature below 0°C (32°F) without
turning into more ice.
 As a result, the ice and salt mixture can get
much colder than regular ice, which is key for
the ice cream-making process.
 The salt helps the ice get colder,
which speeds up the freezing
process of the ice cream mixture,
resulting in smooth and creamy
ice cream.
[Link] is Boiling point of elevation?
2. How would you interpret the diagram of
boiling point elevation?
 Visual Interpretation:

The boiling point curve for the pure solvent is

shown first, and after adding the solute, the
boiling point increases, creating an upward
shift in the curve.
 Quantitative Interpretation:
[Link] diagram allows you to observe the effect
of solute concentration on the boiling point.
[Link] greater the concentration of the solute,
the larger the elevation in the boiling point.
[Link] helps demonstrate colligative
properties, where the effect depends on the
number of solute particles rather than their
chemical nature.
 Boiling point elevation is the increase in
the boiling point of a solvent by dissolving a
nonvolatile solute into it.
 For example, dissolving salt in water raises
the boiling point of water so that it is higher
than 100 °C.
 Like freezing point depression and

osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation is a

colligative property of matter.
 In other words, the effect depends on how
many solute particles dissolve into the
solvent and not on the nature of the solute.
 The boiling point elevation is directly
proportional to the concentration of solute
particles in the solution. So, adding more
solute increases the boiling point of the
solution compared to the pure solvent.
 The graph shows the positive shift in
boiling point, highlighting how the solution’s
boiling point is elevated due to the presence
of the solute, which makes it harder for the
solvent to vaporize and boil.
 Thisis the phenomenon where
the boiling point of a solvent
increases when a non-volatile
solute is dissolved in it.
Itrefers to a solute that does
not easily vaporize or
evaporate at a given
temperature.(“hindi madaling
mag-evaporate“)
 The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers
the vapor pressure of the solution.

 The temperature must be raised to restore

the vapor pressure of the solution to the
value conforming to the pure solvent.
 The temperature at which the vapor pressure
is 1 atm will be higher than the normal
boiling point by an amount- known as the
boiling point elevation.

 The lowering of the vapor pressure in a

solution causes the boiling point of the
solution to be higher than pure solvent
 Normal boiling point for water (solvent) as a
function of molality in several solutions
containing sucrose (a non-volatile solute).

 The boiling point elevation of a solution, ΔTb

is directly proportional to molality.

 ΔTb= Kb m
 Where Kb is the molal boiling point of
elevation constant of the solvent and m is
the molal concentration of the solution
(mol/kg)
Table 1: Boiling Point Elevation Constant (Kb)
and Freezing Point Depression Constant (Kf) for
some solvents.
 The Kb of water is 0.51 °C/m, so 1 m
aqueous solution of a nonvolatile solute like
sucrose will boil at 0.51°C higher than pure
water.
 The boiling point elevation is proportional to
the number of solute particles in the solution.

 When 1 mole of NaCl dissolves in water, 2

moles of solute are formed (1 mole of Na and
1 mole of Cl).
 Therefore, a 1 m solution of NaCl in water
causes a boiling point elevation twice as
large as a 1 m solution of sucrose.
Sample problem :

A solution is prepared by dissolving 2.40 g of

biphenyl, C12H10 (molar mass= 154 g/mol), in
75. 0 g benzene.
Find:
a)Boiling point
b) Freezing point of the solution
Solution:

From Table 1: BP C6H6 =80.1

Kb= 2.53 °C kg/mol

2. FP C6H6 =5.5 °C
Kf= 5.12 °C kg/mol
STEP 1
a)Boiling point solution
Calculate the molality of the solution

m= n (solute)
kg (solvent)

m= 2.40 g C12H10 x 1 mol

154 g C12H10
75 g x 1 kg
1000 g
m= 0.208 mol/kg
STEP 2
Calculate the boiling point elevation

ΔTb=Kb m = (2.53°C/m) (0.208 m)

= 0.526 °C
STEP 3

Calculate the boiling point of the solution

Bp solution =BP solvent + ΔTb

= 80.1 °C + 0.526 °C
= 80.6 °C
b) Freezing point of solution

Step 1 Use the value of m from (a) for step

2
Step 2 Calculate the freezing point
depression
ΔTf =Kf m = (5.12 °C/m) (0.208 m)
= 1.06 °C
Step 3
Calculate the freezing point of the
solution.

FP solution = FP solvent – ΔTf

= 5.5 °C + 1.06 °C
= 4.44 °C
1. What is freezing point
depression?
2. Freezing point depression
-The freezing point of substance is the
temperature at which the solid and liquid
forms can co exist indefinetely, at equilibrium.
- Under these conditions molecules pass
between the 2 phases at equilibrium because
their escaping tendencies from the two phases
are identical.
ANSWER

-Freezing point depression is the

decrease in the freezing point of a
solvent when a solute is added. It is
the difference between the freezing
point of the pure solvent and that of
the solution.
2. How does the solute affect the freezing point
of the solvent?
Answer: The solute lowers the freezing point of
the solvent. When a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in a solvent, it disrupts the formation
of the solvent's solid structure, requiring a
lower temperature to freeze.
3.. What does the graph representing freezing
point depression show?
Answer: The graph shows the relationship
between the freezing point of the pure solvent
and that of the solution. It typically displays a
decrease in temperature for the solution
compared to the pure solvent, with the
difference representing the freezing point
depression (ΔTf).
4.. Why does adding a solute lower the
freezing point of a solvent?
Answer: Adding a solute to a solvent creates a
solution, and the solute particles interfere with
the solvent molecules, making it harder for the
solvent molecules to organize into a solid. This
results in a lower freezing point.
5. How is freezing point depression used in
real-world applications?
Answer: Freezing point depression is used in
various applications, such as the addition of
salt to roads in winter to lower the freezing
point of water and prevent ice formation, or in
antifreeze solutions for car radiators.
Sample Problem:

1. If you use 3.68 mol of sucrose (C12H22O12)

and dissolve this into 2.50 kg of water, what
will be the change in the freezing point? Assume
the Kf of water is -1.86 °C/m.
Step 1 Formula: ΔTf=Kf x m
m= 3.68 mol
2.50 kg ΔTf= (-186 °C/m) (1.472
m)

m= 1.472 ΔTf = -2.74

Trial 1:

Negros is known as the sugar bowl capital of

the country because of its vast sugarcane
plantation.
Sucrose (C12O11H22), a product of sugarcane
manufacturing process, is highly soluble in
water like many sugars, almost 2000 g will
dissolve in kg of water, used as syrup in taho.
Calculate the boiling point of sugar solution.
step 1: Solve for the molar mass of sucrose
(C12O11H22)
C= 12x 12 H= 22X1
O= 11X 16
step 2: Determine the moles(m) of sucrose
and molality of solution.
a. moles of solute = mass of solute
molar mass of solute

b. molality (m) = moles of solute

kg of solvent
step 3 Solve for the boiling point elevation (ΔTb)

ΔTb=(Kb) (m)

step 4 Calculate the boiling point of sugar solution

Boiling point of the solution= boiling of pure solvent + boiling point

elevation
2. Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is a
molecular compound that is used in
many commercial antifreezes. A water
solution of ethylene glycol is used in
vehicle radiators to lower its freezing
point and thus prevent the water in the
radiator from freezing. Calculate the
freezing point of a solution of 400 g
ethylene glycol in 500 g of water.
Step 1: Determine the molar mass of ethylene
glycol (C2H6O2)
C= 2 x12.00
H=6 x1.01
O=2x16.00
Step 2: Calculate the moles (m) of ethylene
glycol and molality of solution.

a. moles of solute = mass of solute

molar mass of solute

= 400 g
62.06 g/mol
= 6.45 mol
b. molality (m) = moles of solute
kg of solvent
= 6.45 mol
0.5 kg
= 12.9 mol/kg or 12.9 m
Step 3: Solve for the freezing point depression

(ΔTf)

ΔTf=Kf x m
= (1.86°C/m)(12.9 m)
= 24.0°C
ACTIVITY # 10 : BOILING AND
FREEZING
[Link] is the boiling point elevation when 11.4
g of ammonia (NH3) is dissolved in 200 g of
water? Kb for water is 0.514 K mol-1 kg
[Link] boiling point of an acqueous solution of
1.21 °C. What is the freezing point?
[Link] acqueous solution of an unknown solute
freezes at -[Link] what temperature would you
expect it to boil?