Energy
APS ACADEMY
What is Energy?
Energy is the capacity of a body to do work.
Capacity is an interesting point.
Things can acquire this capacity in many ways.
Motion is one such way to acquire capacity.
For example, a body in motion has more capacity
to do work than that same body at rest.
Acquiring Energy
A body can acquire energy by its position or
shape.
We shall discuss two types of energy are:
1. Kinetic Energy (due to motion)
2. Potential Energy (due to position or shape)
Mechanical Energy: Sum of kinetic and potential
energy
Kinetic Energy
The energy of a body due to its
motion is called kinetic energy.
Consider a ball kept on a table at
rest, it will not do any work.
Now, if it rolls with velocity v towards the block, it will
exert a force on the block that moves it.
Thus it can do some work.
Therefore, it has acquired the capacity to do work by
acquiring kinetic energy.
Work done by Kinetic Energy
We discussed how a ball moving at velocity v
displaced a block on a table and did work
When hammering a nail, the
kinetic energy of the hammer
moves the nail in the table.
A hammer at rest won’t insert
the nail in the table.
Formula for Kinetic
Energy
Let the kinetic energy of an object at rest be zero.
Let a body of mass m be at rest, when suddenly a force F acts
on it and makes it move a distance ‘x’.
Acceleration ‘a’ = F/m
Using v2 = u2 + 2ax, we get v2 = 2ax = 2x(F/m)
Fx (work done) = (½)mv2
The work done by the force F = kinetic energy acquired by the
object
Therefore, Kinetic Energy = (½)mv2
Example
How fast should a man of mass 40kg run, so
that his kinetic energy is 720J?
Example contd.
KE = ½ mv2
1/2mv2 = 720
40v2 = 1440
v2 = 36
v = 6m/s
Example
Find the kinetic energy of a body of mass
200gram moving at a speed of 20cm/s.
Example contd.
Kinetic energy = 1/2mv2
Mass standard unit is kg; velocity m/s
m = 200g = 0.2kg
v = 20cm/s = 0.2m/s
Kinetic energy = ½ *0.2*(0.2)2 = ½*2/10*(2/10)2
= 0.004 Joules
Example
A player kicks a ball of mass 250g placed at the
center of a field.
The ball leaves his foot with a speed of 8m/s.
Find the work done by the player on the ball.
Example contd.
Answer: 8J
Example
Two bodies of equal masses move with
uniform velocities v and 3v respectively.
Find the ratio of their kinetic energies.
Example contd.
Let mass of both bodies be m and velocities be v
and 3v.
Kinetic energy of body 1 = ½ mv2
Kinetic energy of body 2 = ½ m(3v)2 = 9/2 mv2
Therefore, ratio of kinetic energies = 1:9
Example
Two bodies have masses in the ratio 1:3 and
velocity in the ratio 4:1.
Find the ratio of their kinetic energy.
Example contd.
Ratio = 16:3
Example
How fast must a man of mass 50kg run so
that his kinetic energy be 625J?
Example contd.
K.E. = 625J
½ mv2 = 625
m = 50kg
½×50×v2 = 625
v = 5m/s
Example
How much work should be done on a bicycle of
mass 20 kg to increase its speed from 2m/s to
5m/s?
Example contd.
Work done = change in kinetic energy
Initial kinetic energy = ½ mv2 = ½ ×20×22 =
40J
Final kinetic energy = ½ mv2 = ½ ×20×52 =
250J
Work done = 250 – 40 = 210 J
Example
Find the momentum of a body of mass 20g
having kinetic energy 20J.
Example contd.
Mass = 20g and kinetic energy = 20J
Mass = 20/1000 kg
20 = ½*(20/1000)*v2
v2 = 2000
v = 44.7
Momentum = 20/1000 * 44.7 = 0.89kgm/s
Example
Two bodies of same mass, have kinetic
energies in the ratio 4:25.
Find the ratio of their velocity.
Example contd.
Given: KE1 : KE2 = 4:25
Let the mass be m, and their velocities be v and
V.
1/2mv2 : 1/2mV2 = 4:25
v2/V2 = 4:25
v/V = 2:5
Example
Two bodies have masses in the ratio 2:3 and
velocity in the ratio 5:7.
Find the ratio of their kinetic energies.
Example contd.
Ratio of kinetic energies = 50:147
Potential Energy
An object can acquire the capacity to do work by changing
its position or shape.
Consider this spring fixed to an object
When this spring is
compressed and released,
it displaces the object.
Therefore, a compressed spring has acquired energy due to
its change in shape, and this energy is called potential
energy
Potential Energy
Consider this stretched rubber sling
When we release it, the rubber goes a long
distance and does some work.
This is because of the
potential energy of the sling
This potential energy is due to the change in
shape
Potential Energy
Consider this sandy desert.
If a stone is raised high and
then dropped, it creates a
depression on the sand.
Thus it does some work.
This work is done by the potential energy of the stone
when it was raised to some height.
This potential energy is due to the change in position
Types of Potential Energy
We have discussed 3 cases of potential energy, taking
examples of 2 cases: change in shape (spring and sling)
and change in position (releasing stone from a height)
There are 2 types of potential energy:
1. Gravitational Potential Energy: Due to change in
position. The potential energy due to height above the
Earth’s surface is called gravitational potential energy
2. Elastic Potential Energy: Due to change in shape
Gravitational Potential
Energy
Suppose we are bringing down a ball from its initial position
B by a height ‘h’ to position A.
Let P.E. at B and A be UB and UA
The ball exerts a force ‘mg’ downwards
and is brought down by height ‘h’
Work done = mgh
Decrease in potential energy: U B – UA = mgh
Therefore, the increase in P.E. on lifting a body of mass ‘m’ by
Example
A bag of wheat weighs 200kg.
To what height should it be raised so that its
potential energy may be 9800 joules?
Example contd.
5m
Example
A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high
and gains 2268J of potential energy.
What is the mass of the man?
*take g = 10m/s2
Example contd.
P.E. = 2268J
=> mgh = 2268
=> m*10*3.6 = 2268
=> 36m = 2268
=> m = 63kg
Example
A 5kg ball is thrown upwards with a speed of
10m/s.
Find the potential energy when it reaches the
highest point.
Example contd.
m = 5kg
u = 10m/s
At highest point: PE = Original Kinetic Energy
Original K.E. = ½ 5*102 = 250
=> P.E. at highest point = 250J
Example
A body is thrown up with a kinetic energy of
10J.
If it attains a maximum height of 5m, find the
mass of the body.
Example contd.
Given: ½*mu2 = 10
Also, v = 0, g = –10, s = 5 and we need to find u
v2 – u2 = 2gs
0 – u2 = 2*(–10)*5
u = 10m/s
½*m*100 = 10
m = 1/5 = 200gram
Example
A ball of mass 5kg is dropped from a height of
5m.
How much energy does it posses at any
instant?
Example contd.
Answer: 250J
Elastic Potential Energy
The extra energy that gets stored in a
compressed or stretched spring or sling or any
other elastic substance is called elastic potential
energy.
The potential energy that gets
stored in a spring = (½)kx2
Where k is the spring constant and
x is the distance by which the spring is
compressed or stretched.
Mechanical Energy
The sum of kinetic and potential energy of an
object is called its mechanical energy.
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the
bonds of chemical compounds.
It may be released during a chemical reaction,
often in the form of heat.
The chemical energy in food is used by our body
to generate mechanical energy and heat.
The chemical energy in coal is converted to
electrical energy by power plants.
Work Done on a System
Work done by external forces on a system is equal to the
increase in the system’s energy.
For example, if you push a block on a table, the block will start
moving. This is because of the work done on the block.
Similarly, negative work done decreases the energy of the
system.
For example, friction does negative work always
Friction decreases the speed of a moving object and reduces its
kinetic energy
Other Forms of Energy
We have discussed mechanical energy so far
There are other forms of energy too:
1. Sound Energy
2. Heat Energy
3. Light Energy
4. Energy from current and charged particles
5. Chemical Energy (present in cells and batteries)
B
initial m
h
A
final m