Tutorial/HW Week #11

WWWR Chapter 29 & 30

• Tutorial #11 • Homework #11
• WWWR # 29.4, (self practice)
29.19, 29.24
• WWWR # 29.18 and
• To be discussed the
29.25
week of Apr 8 – 12
2013.

1
 Convective Mass Transfer
• Mass transfer between two moving
contacting phases
• Gas-liquid, or liquid-liquid (if immiscible)
• Overall mass-transfer convective coefficient

2
 Equilibrium
• Deviations from equilibrium is the
concentration driving force within a phase
• For 2 phases, we consider interphase
equilibrium
• Use equilibrium plots

3
4
• Equations relating equilibrium:
– Ideal liquid, use Raoult’s law
– Ideal gas, use Dalton’s law
– Dilute solutions, use Henry’s law
– Immiscible liquids, use “distribution-law”
• Basic concepts for interphase mass transfer:
– Gibbs’ phase rule at fixed T, P
– No net mass transfer at equilibrium
– Mass transfer occurs at non-equilibrium

5
Example 1

6
7
Example 2

8
9
 Two-Resistance Theory
• Transfer between 2 contacting phases
• 3 steps of interphase transfer
• The theory:
– Rate of transfer is controlled by diffusion
through the phases on each side of interface
– No resistance across the interface

10
Solute Transfer from Gas to Liquid

11
Solute Transfer from Liquid to Gas

12
• Individual mass-transfer coefficient
N A, z kG p A,G  p A,i 

N A, z k L c A,i  c A, L 
– Convective mass-transfer coefficient in
gas/liquid phase
– Combining both and rearrange to

k L p A ,G  p A ,i
 
kG c A , L  c A ,i

13
14
• Overall mass-transfer coefficient
– Similar to overall heat-transfer coefficient


N A  K G p A ,G  p *
A 
– Using equilibrium partial pressure or
concentration
N A K L c  c A, L 
*
A

– Ratio of resistances in individual phase to total

resistance c
A,liquidfilm 1/ kL

c A,total 1/ K L 15
– At low concentrations, we have linear
equilibrium relations
p A,i mc A,i
*
*
p mc A, L
A
p A,G mc A

– From which, we get

1

p A,G  p A,i  mc A,i  c A, L 

KG N A, z N A, z
– And thus
1 1 m
 
K G kG k L
16
– And similarly,
1 1 1
 
K L mkG k L
– The phase where major resistance occurs is
controlling, ie. Gas-phase controlled.
– Coefficient is dependent on concentration,
unless linear equilibrium line

17
Example 3

18
19
20
21
22
Example 4

23
24
25
26
27
28
 Mass transfer to plates
• Correlate experimental data with
predictions from laminar/turbulent
boundary layers:
k L 0 .5 1/ 3
– ReL < 2 x 10 ,
5 Sh L  c
0 . 664 Re L Sc
DAB

kc L 0 .8 1/ 3
– ReL > 2 x 10 ,
5 Sh L  0 . 0365 Re L Sc
DAB
29
• At distance x from leading edge,
kc x
Sh x  0.332 Re 0x.5Sc1/ 3
DAB
• In terms of j-factor,
2/3
kc 2 / 3 kc L  DAB     Sh L
jD  Sc    
v D AB Lv    DAB  Re LSc1/ 3

– Laminar jD 0.664 Re L0.5

 0.2
– Turbulent j D 0.0365 Re L

0.6 < Sc < 2500 and 0.6 < Pr < 100

30
• If hydrodynamic and concentration
boundary layers have different starting
position along x,
• Boundary conditions change:
– 0  x < X , cA = cA
– X  x <  , cA = cAs
• Analogous to heat transfer situation,
1/ 3
 Pr 
Nu x 0.332 Re 0.5

3/ 4 
 1  X / x  
x

1/ 3
 Sc 
Sh x 0.332 Re 0.5

3/ 4 
 1  X / x  
x
31
32
Example 1

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
 Single Sphere
• Mass-transfer correlation
m 1/ 3
Sh Sh o  C Re Sc

• If no forced convection, Sh = 2,
m 1/ 3
Sh 2  C Re Sc

40
• Transfer into liquid stream, the Brian-Hales
equation for PeAB < 10 000,
kL D
Sh  4  1.21 Pe AB 
2 / 3 0 .5

DAB
– For PeAB > 10 000,
kL D 1/ 3
Sh  1.01 Pe AB
DAB
• Transfer into gas stream, the Fröessling eq,
kc D
Sh  2  0.552 Re 0.5 Sc1/ 3
DAB
• 2 < Re < 800 and 0.6 < Sc < 2.7
41
• When no free or natural convection,
0 .5  1/ 6
Re 0.4 Gr Sc

• With natural convection, the Steinberger

and Treybal correlation,
Sh Sh o  0.347 Re Sc  
0.5 0.62

– Where
Sh o 2  0.569GrSc 
0.25
ScGr < 108

Sh o 2  0.0254GrSc  Sc 0.244
1/ 3
ScGr > 10 8

• 2  Re  30 000 and 0.6  Sc  3 200 42

 Spherical Bubble Swarm
• Eg. Bubbling of gas into liquid
• 2-part correlation from Calderbank and
Moo-Young,
k L db
– db < 2.5 mm, Sh  0.31 Gr1/ 3 Sc1/ 3
DAB
k L db 1/ 3 1/ 2
– db  2.5 mm, Sh  0 . 42 Gr Sc
DAB
d b  L g
Gr 
 L2 43
• To calculate flux, must know gass holdup
ratio, g,
Ai Vg bubblearea 6 g
  
V V bubblevolume d b
• Propotional to ratio of superficial gas
velocity and terminal velocity.

44
Example 2

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
 Single Cylinder
• Bedingfield and Drew correlation,
• 400 < ReD < 25 000 and 0.6 < Sc < 2.6

kG P Sc 0.56
0.281Re D 
 0.4

GM

52
Example 3

53
54
55
56
 Flow Through Pipes
• From inner wall of tube to moving fluid, the
Gilliland and Sherwood correlation,
• 2 000 < Re < 35 000 and 0.6 < Sc < 2.5

kc D pB ,lm 0.83 0.44

0.023 Re Sc
DAB P

57
 • Combined with Linton and Sherwood
correlation:
• 2 000 < Re < 35 000 and 1 000 < Sc < 2 260
kL D
Sh  0.023 Re 0.83 Sc1/ 3
DAB
• For laminar flow, analogous to Sieder-Tate
eq,
• 1/ 3 1/ 3
10 <
2 Re < 2 000
 v D   D v D  
1/ 3
D 
Sh 1.86  1.86   1.86 ReSc 
 LD AB   L  DAB  L 

58
 Wetted- Wall Columns
• Gas flows up while liquid flows down the
perimeter
• Falling liquid film is thin and high velocity,
evenly wets column surface

59
• Convective mass-transfer coefficient for gas
film similar to flow through pipes
• Liquid film mass-transfer coefficient from
Vivian and Peaceman correlation,
1/ 6
1 / 2   gz 
2 3
kL z
0.433 Sc  L
 Re L 
0.4

DAB   2
L 
– where 4 4w
Re L  
 L D L
60
Example 4

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
 Packed and Fluidized Beds
• For packed beds with single phase fluid and
gas flow, Sherwood, Pigford and Wilke
estimated  0.415
jD 1.17 Re
• 10 < Re < 2 500
– where
d p uave 
Re 

68
• Accounting for bed void fraction, , Wilson
and Geankoplis correlation
• 0.0016 < Re’’’ < 55 and 165 < Sc < 70 600 and
0.35 <  < 0.75
1.09
j D 
Re' ' '
• 55 < Re’’’ < 1 500 and 165 < Sc < 10 690
0.25
j D 
Re' ' '0.31

• Gupta and Thodos correlation

• 90 < Re’’’ < 4 000 2.06
j D 
Re' ' '0.575
69