REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ROSARIO INTEGRATED SCHOOL S.Y. 2023 - 2024

Module 7:
Forms and Functions of State and
MODULE
Non-State 1
Institutions

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics

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Activity 1: Pretend to be a lawmaker
and read the following situations
below. Identify whether or not social
inequality is present on each
situation. If it does, suggest ways on
how to address it. If it does not, justify
the claim for equality.

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1. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost all
aspects of human life. In the early period of the
pandemic in the Philippines, there were some
reported incidences that some wealthy and
influential people have immediate and instant
access in COVID-19 testing services under
government affiliated agencies. However, the rest of
the general public have difficulty to have access in
such kind of health services. As a lawmaker, what
can be done to avoid social inequality in this
scenario?
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2. The number of men who contract
prostate cancer is about the same as the
number of women getting breast cancer.
The disparity in annual government
research funding between the two cancers
is striking and discriminatory, illustrating
yet again the institutionalized misandry
existing in Western Societies. (Ray
Blumhorst, National Coalition for Men)
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 What is a State?
A state is an organized political
community acting under a government
and united by common set of laws. It
uses absolute power in directing the path of
a society. It also uses complete political
coerciveness, which may come in the form
of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and
rigid government policies in order to attain
its societal goals and objectives.
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 Elements of the State
a. People
- It is the people who make the
state. Population is essential
for the state. Without
population there can be no
State.
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 Elements of the State
b. Territory
There can be no state without a fixed
territory. People need territory to
live and organize themselves
socially and politically. It may be
remembered that the territory of the
states includes land, water and air-
space. 7
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 Elements of the State
c. Government
It is the organization or
machinery or agency of the
State which makes, implements,
enforces and adjudicates the laws of
the state.

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 Forms of State Government
States come in a variety of
forms that vary on who holds
power, how positions of
leadership are obtained, and
how authority is maintained.

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 1. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments differ in
who holds power and in how
control they assume over those
who govern. The following are
examples of Authoritarian
government:

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• Monarchy is a form of government in
which supreme power is absolutely
lodged with an individual, who is the
head of the state, often for life or until
abdication. The person who heads a
monarchy is called a monarch. Some
monarchs hold unlimited political power
while many constitutional monarchies, such
as the United Kingdom and Thailand.
Currently 44 nations in the world have
monarchs as
UCSP-Modyul 7 head of state.
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Totalitarianism is a political system
that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of
public and private life. It theoretically permits
no individual freedom and that seeks to
subordinate all aspects of individual life to
the authority of the state. Modern examples
of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union
under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf
Hitler, the People’s Republic of China under Mao
Zedong, and North Korea under the Kim Dynasty.
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2. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power
effectively rests with a small-elite segment of
society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family,
military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy does
not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people
who rule. One common example is theocracy.
• Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or
by official who are regarded as divinely guided. Leader
are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal
system is based on religious law. Contemporary
examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Iran and
the Vatican.
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3. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right
to governs is held by the majority of citizens
within a country or a state. The two principles of
democracy are that all citizens have equal access to
power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized
freedoms and liberties. People can either become
country leaders through electoral process or elect
leaders who represent the core values and beliefs.
There are 99 democratic nations globally. Examples of
democratic nations are Philippines, Norway, New
Zealand, United States of America, Canada, Columbia,
Italy, and South Africa.
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 Roles of the States
1. State provides security against
external aggressions and war. For this
purpose, the state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal
disturbances disorders and crimes. For
this purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the
rights of the people.
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 Roles of the States
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary
conditions for the socio-economic-politico-cultural
development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests
and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and
economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in
international relations

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 Non-State Institutions
Non-State institutions are people or
organization that participate in
international affairs and relations but
are not affiliated with any state or
nation. These non-state institutions include
the following: bank and corporations,
cooperatives and trade unions, transnational
advocacy groups, and development agencies
and international organizations.
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 Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide
several financial services to different types of
customers. Banks are in operation mainly for their
deposits and lending functions. Customers are allowed
to deposit their money to banks which grow through an
interest rate. Banks also provide loans, with an interest
to customers who need money either for personal
consumption or for investment and businesses. Banks
may be categorized into major forms such as
commercial banks and investment banks.

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The two most well-
known financial
institutions that are
actively shaping the
socioeconomic
development of the
Philippines are the
World Bank and the
Asian Development
Bank. They have been
providing financial aid to
the Philippine
government and various
nongovernmental
organization (NGOs) to
facilitate their
development objectives.

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 Corporations
A form of business operation that declares the business as a
separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the
Board of Directors. They were created by individuals,
stockholders or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for
profit. They have all legal rights of an individual, except for the
right to vote and certain limitations. They are given the right to
exist by the state that issues their charter. Corporation example
includes General Motors Corporation an icon of American
craftsmanship, Apple Corporation as one of the famous tech
companies, Amazon Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is the
world’s leading e-commerce and innovation company, Domino’s
Pizza is a global food chain company delivering quality food
worldwide.
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 Common Types of Corporations
A corporation can be created by a
single shareholder or by
multiple shareholders who come
together to pursue common goal. A
corporate can be formed as a for-
profit or a non-for-profit entity.

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For-profit entities form the majority of
corporations, and they are formed to
generate revenues and provide a return
to their shareholders, according to their
percentage of ownership in the
corporation. Examples: HBO in
partnership with International Rescue
Committee, Ford Motors and [Link].

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Not-for-profit entities operate under
the category of charitable
organizations, which are dedicated to a
particular social cause such as
educational, religious, scientific, or
research purposes. Rather than
distribute revenues to shareholders,
not-for-profit organizations use their
revenues to further their objectives.
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Human Rights Campaign is a very impressive
example of using Facebook profile photos to
spread the word far and wide about campaign.
Greenpeace the environmental non-profit used
GPS technology to inform the public about their
cause.
• Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are
business organization that extends ownership,
management, production, and sales activities into
several or more countries. MNCs are boon to the
economic growth and development of the states.
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 Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled
and run by and for their members to realize their common
economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one
member, one vote. There are several common types of co-ops,
including cooperatives owned and operated by:
• The people working there (worker cooperatives);
• The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer
cooperatives)
• The people collaborating to process and market their products
(producer cooperatives); and
• Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing power (purchasing
cooperatives)
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Cooperatives play a critical role in building
community wealth for several key reasons:
• They often provide quality goods and
services to areas that have been shunned by
traditional businesses because they are
deemed less profitable.
• They typically invest in local communities
• Since most cooperative members are local
residents, business profits remain and
circulate in the community
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• Cooperative membership builds social networks
and strengthens social cohesion which are
essential elements of a strong, healthy
communities by connecting diverse community
residents
• Purchasing cooperatives help small, local
businesses remains competitive within markets
dominated by large, national retailers
• Worker cooperatives create quality,
empowering jobs for community members

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 Trade Unions/Labor Unions
Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from
related fields that work for common interest of its
members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay,
good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They
represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the
management and workers.
The purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances of
wagers and present a collective voice in front of the
management. It acts as the medium of communication between
the workers and management. Among these trade unions that
exist in the Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW),
Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) and the Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines (TUCP).
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Functions of Trade Unions:
o Advocating for fairness and equality for
workers’ compensations.
o Securing better working conditions for
workers.
o Trade Unions will organize strikes and
demonstrations on behalf of worker
demands.
o Fight for social welfare for workers.
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Functions of Trade Unions:
o Promote and advocate for education and
proper training for workers.
o Advocate and fight the government for
legislative protections of the workers.
o Promote and advocate for organizational
growth and stability
o Trade Unions acts as representatives of
workers in national and international forums.

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Functions of Trade Unions:
• Involved in collective bargaining
agreements and disputes with
management to settle any conditions on
employment.
• Advising management on correct
personnel policies and procedures.
• Involved in collective and personal
collective grievances between
management and workers.
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 Transnational Advocacy Groups
Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly
important role in international and regional politics, and have
contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations
and states. They are particularly visible in contentious areas as
human rights, environmental issues, international peace, and
women’s rights. They have specific roles to partake that can be
achieved through effective measures, case-specific methods,
and activities. TAGs serve as international catalysts for change,
aiming to achieve international changes towards policies and
practices. The very essence of TAGS is the formation and
development of their advocacies and campaigns that represent
causes, ideas, values, and beliefs.

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 Development Agencies
Development Agencies have been established to
develop the cooperation between the public
sector, private sector and civil society. These are
organizations with specific aims and goals. The
common denominator among these organization
is the term development. These agencies
concentrate on the growth. Progression, and
advancement of specific concerns, which can be
infrastructure or social institutions.

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Types of Development Agencies:
International Organization is an institution with membership
drawn from two or more countries. The international organization
can be public or private. A public organization is an
international government organization (IGO) with states
as its members. Prominent examples of IGOs are United
Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Union (EU),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and World
Health Organization (WHO). A private organization has a
membership of individuals or groups and is an
international nongovernment organization (INGO) that
originate for reasons other than politics such as International
Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).
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Non-government Organization is a non-profit
group that functions independently of any government.
It serves the social or political goals such as
humanitarian and environmental causes. Most NGOs aim
to promote the practice of democracy among societies
and social change through their initiatives and
organizational methods. Many NGOs have targeted their
efforts toward population groups that tend to be
underserved by governmental programs, including
women, the aged, physically and mentally disabled
persons, the poor, and various social groups that have
been marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity,
caste, and social class.
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 Interrelationship of Government
and Non-State Institutions
Government rules society. This reflects how powerful
government institution can be. If non-state institutions
interfere with the governing body, two possible things
can happen:
o Integration among these two institutions may take
place to achieve precise solution towards development.
o Conflict and tension may also arise because one
could exceed the other in terms of societal control and
influences (Penninx, 2013)

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 Activity: My Socio Class Autobiography
Directions: You are tasked to make your own
Social Class Autobiography in a long bond
paper. In this activity you are given a chance to
tell or describe the social class (upper, middle,
lower) where you currently belong to. Make sure
to link your experiences to different class
privileges or social inequality that you might
think you had encountered.
Your autobiography should contain introduction, body
and conclusion.
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Your autobiography should contain introduction and conclusion,
and it should address the following questions:
1. Cite at least two events from your life that you experienced
social inequality. Describe how these occurred.
2. From these experiences, take time to reflect on each event
and tell us its relation to poverty, wealth, inequality, or
privilege.
3. Reflect on what you have learned from those experiences.
4. Suggest solutions on how to address such experiences; how
can that be avoided.
5. What can the government do to help you and the social class
you think you belong to address problems you have
encountered most especially in this time of pandemic?

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