EMOTION
DR. ISHA TRIVEDI
MPT CARDIO-PULMONARY
MA CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
DNHE
INTRODUCTION
• It is derived from the Latin word “emovere” means to be stirred up.
• Emotion is a subjective response that is usually accompanied by a physiological change and is associated
with a change in behaviour.
• In our day-to-day life activity we experience many feelings like pleasure, joy, disappointment, grief, etc. The
feelings or emotions may be in two types:
• Pleasant emotions—Joy, happiness, affection, etc.
• Unpleasant emotions—Fear, anger, jealousy, anxiety, disgust, etc.
Differences
MOTIVATION EMOTION
• It is aroused by internal stimuli and is directed • It is aroused by external stimuli and expression is
towards certain objects in the environment. E.g. directed towards the stimuli, which arouses it.
food, water.
FEELINGS EMOTIONS
• Feelings persists longer time than emotions. • Emotions are outward expressions of feelings.
• These are simple and sensory. • Very complex.
• Emotions are aroused not only by existing
circumstances but also by a recollection of these
circumstances.
Characteristics of Emotions
• Emotion is a strong feeling • Along with bodily changes, there are “psychological
changes” also takes place.
• Add colour and spice to life
• Emotions are universal, prevalent in every living
• Aroused state in the organism
organism
• Associated with physiological changes
• Emotions are personal, differ from individual to
• During emotion other activities like perception, individual.
learning, consciousness and memory are affected • An emotion can give rise to number of other similar
emotions.
• Emotions have the quality of displacement.
• Emotions occur along with feelings.
Changes of Emotions
Psychological Changes of Emotions Physiological Changes of Emotions
• Confusion • Internal changes
• Blocking of memory • External changes
• Clouding of consciousness
Internal changes: Intense emotions have physiological effects on the
body. This is due to the autonomic nervous system. It has two
subdivisions, namely:
Sympathetic division (activates)
Parasympathetic division (to control activities or bodily changes)
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION CHANGES:
• Increased blood pressure and heart rate
• Changes in the rate of respiration
• Excitation—increased rate
• Depression—decreased rate
• Dilation of pupils
• Sweating
• Decreased secretion of saliva
• Increase in blood sugar
• Production of more energy
• Decreased mobility of the gastro-intestinal tract
• Erect hair on the skin (goose pimples)
• Changes in the frequency of the brain waves
• Muscular tension and tremors
External changes:
• Change in the voice
• Change in facial expression
• Changes in the different parts of the body, e.g. stiffness of the body
posture and gestures
• Non-verbal expressions, e.g.
1. Spitting at other persons means contempt or disgust in any culture
2. Throwing shoes at another person is a sign of extreme disgust.
Role of Reticular Activating System (RAS)
• System controlling sleep and awakening also to some extent concerned in
emotion.
• RAS has got interconnecting neurons between the spinal cord and cortex via the
brainstem.
• It not only receives impulses from the brain but also sends information to cortex.
• It is made active during emotion.
Role of Hypothalamus
• Experiments proved that stimulation of the certain areas of
Hypothalamus might elicit some kind of emotions; Such as Fear. So
hypothalamus is also having some role in emotion.
PARTS OF EMOTION
Subjective feeling
Emotional expression
Physiological arousal
Emotion interpretation
HEREDITY AND EMOTION
NATURE AND CONTROL OF FEAR, ANXIETY AND ANGER
THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
These are ideas or principles used to guide us in thinking about emotion.
They try to:
• Relate the bodily changes and the emotion they feel
• Classify and describe the experience.
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Theory
Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
Motivational Theories
• Leeper(1970): He says that emotions should be considered as motives, which
keep behaviour going and aimed at long term goals.
• Tomkins(1970,1981): He says that emotions provide energy for motives. They
amplify the drives to give them their strong motivational power.
Activation Theory
• According to Lindsley, emotions provoking stimuli activate the RAS
in the brainstem, which in turn sends impulses both upward toward the
cortex and downward toward the musculature.
Plutchik’s Theory
• It proposes that there are certain
primary emotions derived from
evolutionary processes and that
these primary emotions can be
arranged in an orderly way to bring
out relationships, similarities and
differences among them.
THE END