DEPARTMENT OF
ECE
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Presented By : Batch-04
231FA05102
231FA05163
231FA05173
231FA05320
Submitted to : Dr. Sambaiah
Introduction
• Closed loop systems
A closed-loop control system is a device that automatically regulates a system to maintain a desired state .
• Open loop systems
An open-loop control system is a control system that operates based on a predetermined set of instructions
without adjusting to external factors.
• Steady state error
Steady state is the state of the system when it is independent of time. The deviation of the output of control
system from desired response during steady state is known as steady state error. It is represented as . We can
find steady state error using the final value theorem as follows.
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Question
a) Explain the open-loop operation of traffic signals at a road crossing. How can improved traffic control be achieved by
means of a closed-loop scheme?
b) A very interesting and useful velocity control system has been designed for a wheelchair control system shown in figure 3.
We want to enable people paralyzed from the neck down to drive themselves in motorized wheelchairs. A proposed system
utilizing velocity sensors mounted in a headgear as shown below. The headgear sensors provide an output proportional to the
magnitude of the head movement. There is a sensor mounted at 90 intervals so that forward, left, right, or reverse can be
commanded. Typical values for the time constants are 1 0.75 𝑠, 32 𝑠, and 4 0.25𝑠. Determine the limiting gain 𝐾
= 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 for a stable system. From the determined value of K, calculate steady state error for step input.
c) Find the: rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot, and settling time if the system input is a unit step function.
Part-a
Open-loop and closed-loop traffic signal control:
1. Open-loop Operation
• In an open-loop traffic signal system, the signals are pre-programmed with fixed timing cycles regardless of the actual traffic
conditions.
• Example: Green light for 30 seconds, followed by yellow for 5 seconds, and red for 25 seconds.
• o Limitation: The system cannot adapt to varying traffic conditions, leading to inefficiency during peak or low-traffic periods.
2. Closed-loop Operation:
• A closed-loop system uses real-me traffic data (e.g., sensors detecting vehicle counts or waiting time) to dynamically adjust
the signal timings.
• For example: If more vehicles are detected at one junction, the green light may stay on longer.
• Advantages: Improved traffic flow, reduced waiting time, and energy efficiency.
Part-b
Given = 0.75, = 2, = 0.25
Gain K =
Cascading the gain blocks:
G(s) = . .
The characteristic equation is 1+G(s)H(S)=0
1+ .1=0 ( k= H(s)=1)
)+k=0
substitute the value of , ,
0.375+2.18 +3s+1+k=0
Given that the system is stable so we need to use R-H stability, because if in R-H stability the 1 st
column is positive then the system is [Link] we can use it and we can find gain k value
0.375 3
2.18 1+K
2.18 ( 3 ) −0.375 (1+𝑘 )
2.18
0
1+k
We know that system is stable so we need to take the 1 st column is positive to find the value of k
>0 1+K > 0
6.54 - 0.375 - 0.375k > 0 K > -1
6.165 > k.0.375
K < 16.44
so the final value of K is -1 < K < 16.44
If the k value exceeds this range then the system becomes unstable.
The steady state error of the system if the input is unit step is
So to find steady state error we need to find
=
=
= (if k=16.4)
= 16.4
= = 0.0574.
= 5.74%
Part-c
We need to find the rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot, and settling time if the system input is a unit step
function.
We know the transfer function is
if we take k=16.4
If we take s common in denominator then
=
=.
43.73=
=6.61
2 s=3.5s
2 x 6.61=3.5
=0.264
=
= 6.61
=6.61x0.964
=6.372
Rise time=
=
= =166.39
Rise time =
Settling time=
=
=
= - 25.627
= 2.292
Peak time =
=
=0.4929
%Maximum overshoot = x 100
= x 100
= x 100
= 0.423 x 100 = 42.3%
Thank
you