SCIENCE

TOP 5 Q UESTIONS
Chemical Reactions and Equations
[Link] calcium oxide was taken in a container and water was
added slowly to it.
(CBSE 2013, 2019)
(a) Write the observations.
(b) Write the chemical formula of the product formed.

[Link] change in color is observed when white silver chloride

is left exposed to sunlight? State the type of chemical
reaction in
this change. (CBSE 2014,
2019, 2023)

[Link] the chemical equation of the reaction in which the

following changes take
place with an example of each. (CBSE 2023,
2015)
(a) Change in color (b) Change in temperature

4. In the electrolysis of water, (CBSE 2020, 2013, SP-

2018)
A. Name of the gases liberated at anode & cathode.
B. Why is it that the volume of gas collected on one
electrode is two times that on the other electrode?
C. What would happen if dilute H S0 is not added to water?
2 4

5. A shining metal ‘M’ on burning gives a dazzling white

flame & changes to a
white powder ‘N’. (CBSE 2020,
 Acids, Bases and Salts
[Link] the important products of the chlor-alkali process. Write
one important use
of each. (CBSE 2020,
2023)

2. (a) Identify the acid and the base whose combination forms
the common salt that you use in your food. Write its
chemical formula and chemical name of the salt.
(b) What is rock salt?
(c) Mention its color and the reason due to which it has this
colour.
(CBSE 2019,
2013)

[Link] the chemical equations when zinc granules react with:

(a) Sulphuric acid (b) Hydrochloric acid
(CBSE 2014,
2020)

4. How is sodium hydroxide produced? Write the balanced

chemical equation also. Why is this process called the chlor-
alkali process? In this process name the products given off
at:
(a) anode
(b) cathode. (CBSE 2022,
2015)

5. Give the reasons for the following:

(i) Only one half of water molecule is shown in the formula of
plaster of Paris. (CBSE 2020, CBSE SP -
2017)
2

4
 Metals and Non-Metals
1. Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state
and not in solid state? (CBSE 2014,
2023)

[Link] reaction of metal X with Fe O is highly exothermic and is

2 3

used to join railway tracks. Identify metal X. Write the chemical

equation for the reaction. (CBSE 2016,
2023)

[Link] is a metal found in the middle of the activity series of

metals. In nature, it is found as a carbonate ore, ZnCO3 .
Mention the steps carried out for extraction from the ore.
(CBSE 2023, 2013)

4. Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving chemical

equations for each. (CBSE 2013,
2023)

5. Why are copper vessels corroded with a green coating in the

rainy season? (CBSE
2015, 2016, 2019)

2 4
 Carbon and its Compounds
[Link] the electron dot structure of Nitrogen. (CBSE 2023,
2021)

[Link] the chemical formula of benzene and draw its structure.

(CBSE 2017, 2021, 2023)

3. What will you observe on adding a 5% alkaline KMnO4

solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol taken in a
test tube? Write the name of the compound formed
during the above chemical reaction.
(CBSE 2013,
2020)

[Link] do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling

points?
the general formula (CBSE 2015, 2014,
(CBSE 2020, 2021)
of 2016,2019)
(a) alkenes
[Link] is meant by a homologous series of carbon compounds?
(b)Write
alkynes

2 4
 Life Process:
1. (a) What is double circulation?
(b) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side
of the heartful useful ? How does it help birds and
mammals?
(CBSE 2023, 2022,
2019)

[Link] the ways in which glucose is broken down in the

absence or storage of oxygen?
(CBSE 2017, 2018, 2019)

3. (a) Write two water-conducting tissues present in plants.

How does water enter continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to
animals. (CBSE 2017, 2019, 2021)

4. In single-celled organisms, diffusion is sufficient to meet all

their requirements for food, gas exchange, or removal of
waste, but it is not in the case of multicellular organisms.
Explain the reason for the difference. (CBSE 2015, 2019,
2022)

5. Draw a diagram of the human alimentary canal and label the

following: (CBSE 2016, 2019,
2020)of the gut where finger-like
2
(5) Parts 4
projections are present
(1)part in which
to facilitate starch digestion
absorption is initiated
of digested food.
(2) organ in which bile is stored
(3) the gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as
hormones.
(4) Part of the alimentary canal where water is reabsorbed.
 Control and coordination
[Link] a plant hormone responsible for bending of a
shoot of a plant when it is exposed to unidirectional light.
How does it
promote phototropism ? (CBSE
2019, 2023)

[Link] the help of suitable examples explain the terms

phototropism, geotropism and chemotropism, (CBSE 2016,
2020)

3. Draw a diagram of the cross-sectional view of the human brain

label the parts of the brain with the functions. (CBSE 2017,
2020)

4. How does the feedback mechanism regulate hormone

secretion? Explain with the help of an example ? (CBSE
2017, 2019)

[Link] the part of human brain which control the voluntary

and involuntary actions. (CBSE 2017,
2018)

2 4
How do organisms reproduce?
[Link] between the asexual and sexual reproduction ?
Also, give one example of each. (CBSE 2016, 2018, 2021,
2022)

2. Describe reproduction by spores in Rhizopus.

(CBSE 2017, 2015, 2020,
2022)

[Link] three techniques that have been developed to prevent

pregnancy. Which one of these techniques is not meant for
males ? How does the use of these techniques have a direct
impact on the health and prosperity of a family ? (CBSE
2017, 2018, 2020)

4.a. Draw a diagram of human female reproductive

system and label the parts:
Which produce an egg, Where fertilization takes place
B. List two bacterial diseases which are transmitted
sexually.
C. What are contraceptive devices? Give two
reasons for adopting contraceptive devices in
humans.
(CBSE
2 4 2019,
2017,
2016)

5. Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List

two agents of pollination. How does suitable pollination lead to
fertilization ? (CBSE 2019, 2016,
2021)
 Heredity and Evolution:
1. Mention any two points of difference between acquired and
inherited traits. If the tail of a mouse is cut for twenty one
generations, will the tail occur in the twenty second
generation of that mouse? Give reason to support your
answer.
(CBSE 2013, 2016, 2017, 2022,
2021)

2. Two pea plants- one with round yellow seeds (RRYY) and another with
wrinkled green (rryy) seeds produce F1 progeny that have
round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are self-pollinated,
which new combination of characters is expected in F2
progeny? How many seeds with these new combinations of
characters will be produced when a total 160 seeds are
produced in F2 generation? Explain with reason. (CBSE
2018, 2020, 2022)

3. List difference between dominant traits and recessive traits.

What percentage of the
plants in the F2 generation were round, in Mendel’s dihybrid
cross between round yellow and wrinkled green pea
plants ? (CBSE 2016, 2015,
2019)

4. Sahil performed an experiment 2 to study

(CBSE the2016,
inheritance
2021,
4
pattern of genes. He crossed tall pea2022) plants (TT) with short pea
plants (tt) and obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.
5. In an asexually
a. What reproducing
will be the set of genesspecies, if a in
present trait
theXF1exists in 5%
generation?
of a population
b. Give and only
reason why trait tall
Y exists in are
plants 70% of the same
observed in F1 progeny.
population, which of the two traits is likely to have arisen
earlier? Give reason.
(CBSE 2019, 2021)
 Light
[Link] the two laws of reflection of light.
(CBSE 2011, 2013
2014)

[Link] absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and
1.33 respectively. In which medium does light travel
faster? Calculate the ratio of speeds of light in the two
media.
(CBSE 2013, 2019,
2020)

[Link] image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm

from a mirror is formed on a
screen placed in front of the mirror at a distance of 60 cm
from it pole. What is the nature of the mirror? Find its
focal length. If the height of the flame is 2.4 cm, find the
height of its image. State whether the image formed is erect or
inverted. (CBSE 2014, 2015,
2017)

4. Draw ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in

each of the following cases. A ray of light incident on a
concave lens (i) is parallel to its principal axis, (ii) is
passing through its optical centre and (iii) is directed towards
its principal
lens focus. 2
4
(Delhi 2013, CBSE
(ii) .List four characteristics of the image(nature, 2015,
position,
2016)
size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer of pair (ii).
[Link] object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave
(CBSE 2016,
lens of focal length 30 cm. 2019)
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from
the
 Human eye & colorful world
[Link] is ‘dispersion of white light’? State its cause. Draw
a ray diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a
glass prism.
(CBSE 2011, 2013,
2016, 2017)

[Link] will you use two identical glass prisms so that a narrow
beam of white light incident on one prism emerges out of the
second prism as white light? Draw and label the ray diagram.
(CBSE 2016, 2017, 2019,
2020)

3. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light

through a glass prism. Mark on it (a) the incident ray, (b)
the emergent ray and (c) the angle of deviation.
(CBSE 2011,
2013, 2017)

4. State the function of each of the following parts of human

eye:
(i) Cornea
(ii) Iris
iii) Pupil
(CBSE 2013,
2016, 2018)

5.A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the

black board placed at a distance of approximately 3 m from
him. Name the defect of vision the boy is suffering from. State
the possible causes of this defect and explain the met hod of
2 4

correcting it.
(CBSE 2017,
2018)
 Electricity
1. (a) Prove that the equivalent resistance of three resistors
R1, R2 and R3 in series is R1 + R2 + R3.
(b) You have four resistors of 8 each. Show how would you
connect these resistors to have effective resistance of 8Ω ?
(2013, 2015,
2016)

2. State Ohm's law. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to verify this

law in the laboratory. If you draw a graph between the potential
difference and current flowing through a metallic conductor, what
kind of curve will you get? Explain how would you use this graph
to determine the resistance of the conductor. (2014, 2015,
2016)

3.(i)State one difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour.

Express 1 kWh in joules.
(ii) A bulb is rated 5V; 500 mA. Calculate the rated power
and resistance of the bulb when it glows.
(20
13,
201
6)

[Link] lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220
V, are connected in parallel to electric mains supply. Find the
current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is
220 V.
(2018.
2014)
2

[Link] a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of

3
 Magnetic effects of
current
1. State whether an alpha particle will experience any force in a
magnetic field if (alpha particles are positively charged particles)
(i) it is placed in the field at rest.
(ii) it moves in the magnetic field parallel to field lines.
(iii)it moves in the magnetic field perpendicular to field lines.
Justify your your answer in each case.
(CBSE 2016, 2022,
2023)

[Link] and explain the function of an earth wire. Why it is

necessary to earth metallic appliances? (CBSE 2014, 2016,
2020)

[Link] and state the rule which is used to determine

the direction of force on a current carrying conductor
placed in a
magnetic field. (CBSE 2020,
2022, 2023)

4. What are magnetic field lines? Justify the following

statements:
(a) Two magnetic field lines never intersect each other.
(b) Magnetic field are closed curves. (CBSE
2013, 2015, 2016)
2 4

5. What is solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field

lines of
(i) a current carrying solenoid and
(ii) a bar magnet.
List two distinguishing features between the two fields.
(Delhi
2019,
2020)
 Our Environment
[Link] is ozone formed in the higher levels of the atmosphere?
“ Damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern”. Justify this
statement. (CBSE 2015, 2017, 2020,
2023)

[Link] do not clean ponds or lakes, but an aquarium needs to

be cleaned regularly. Explain. (CBSE 2023,
2017)

3. Why are green plants called the producers ?

(CBSE 2019,
2015)

4.(a) How can we help in reducing the problem of waste

disposal? Suggest any three methods.
(b) Distinguish between biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes.
(CBSE 2013,
2015, 2019)

5. Define an ecosystem. Draw a block diagram to show the flow

of energy on an ecosystem. (CBSE 2015, 2017,
2019)

2 4
 Solutions
Chemical Reactions and Equations
1. (i) Following are the two observations:
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form slaked
lime. The container becomes hot because a large amount
of heat is released during this reaction.
(ii) The product formed is slaked lime for which the
chemical formula is Ca(OH) .

2. When white silver chloride exposed to sunlight it produces to

black metallic coloured silver along with liberation of
chlorine gas
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl
it is photodecomposition reaction.

3. (i) Change in colour:

The reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium
iodide solution.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
In this reaction colour changes from colourless to yellow.

(ii) Change in temperature:

The action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc.

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(s) + H2(g)

In this reaction, heat is 4

evolved .
2

4. (a) At cathode, H2 is evolved and at anode O2 is evolved.

(b) At cathode, H+ ion takes two electron to convert itself into

H2 gas. 2 moles of H+ gives 1 mole of H2.
2H+(aq)+2e−→H2(g)
At anode, OH− ion releases two electrons to convert into water
and O2. 2 mole OH− gives 0.5 mole O2, i.e why volume of one
gas collected at one electron is double of another.

c) Acid is added to make the water conduct electricity as the

distilled water is a non-conductor of electricity.

5. A. Reaction of Magnesium metal:

[Link], it is given that the metal ‘M’ on burning gives the
dazzling white flame and also changes to the white
powder ‘N’.
[Link], the metal ‘M’ would be Magnesium metal as on the
reaction of burning in the air, Magnesium reacts with
the Oxygen present in the air and gives the white
powder on burning.
[Link] Magnesium metal is basically the chemically active
one.
[Link], the metal ‘M’ : Magnesium burns in the
presence of Oxygen to form ‘N’ Magnesium
oxide.

B. The balanced chemical equation for the above reaction

would be:
[Link] is basically the loss of electrons or the increase in
the oxidation state of an atom, ion or the molecule.
[Link] previously
Oxidation when solid Magnesium was present it's
of Magnesium:
oxidation state was 0 as the element Magnesium
was present with not any bond.
2
[Link], as soon as it burns in the
4 presence of Oxygen
forming the Magnesium oxide, it will lose two
electrons for getting stable
[Link], the Oxidation state of Mg in MgO is +2
[Link], Oxidation of Magnesium will take place.
 Acids, Bases and Salts
1. Sodium hydroxide - It is used in the manufacturing of
paper. Chlorine - It is used to make plastics (PVC),
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
etc.
Hydrogen - It is used in the hydrogenation of oils to
obtain vegetable ghee.

2. (a) HCl is an acid and NaOH is a base whose combination

forms the common salt. Its formula is NaCl Sodium
chloride. It is obtained from seawater.
(b) Deposits of solid salt which are large crystals and
brown due to impurities is called rock salt.
(c) This brown color is due to all the impurities present in
the salt along with sodium chloride. When the impurities are
removed and pure sodium chloride is obtained, it turns into
white crystals.

3.
When zinc granules are added to the solution of sulphuric
acid then
zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas are formed as the
product. The chemical reaction is as follows:

When zinc granules are added to the solution of hydrochloric

acid then zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are formed as the
product.
The chemical reaction is as follows:

2 4
4. When electricity is made to pa ss through an aqueous
solution of NaCl, it decomposes to form NaOH. This process
is called chlor- alkali process because of two products -
chlor for Chlorine and alkali for Sodium hydroxide.

(d) Anode - Cl 2 Gas

(e) Cathode - H2 Gas
5. The Formula actually means that two molecules (or two
formula units) of CaSO4 share one molecule of water so that the effective
water of crystallization for one CaSO4 unit comes to half a
molecule of water.

2 4
 Metals and Non-Metals
[Link] compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state
because ions are not free to move. In molten state, ions are
free to move.
2. X is +
2Al Aluminium.
Fe 023 Al O2 3 +
2Fe

• 3. Conversion of the carbonate ore into

metal oxide: This is done by calcination
(for carbonate ores). Calcination is the
process of heating the ore strongly in
the absence or limited supply of air.
The zinc carbonate on heating
decomposes to form zinc oxide as
4 shown:
.

•Reduction of the metal 2 4

oxide to metal :As zinc is

moderately reactive, zinc oxide cannot
be reduced by heating alone. Hence, it
5. Solder is an alloy which is made up of lead and tin.
isSolder
reduced
has a lowto zincpoint
melting bysousing aforreducing
it is used welding
electrical wires.
agent such as carbon.
 Carbon and its Compounds
1
.

2. The molecular formula

of benzene :

3. The purple color of KMnO4 decolourises and ethanoic acid

will be formed.

4. The molecules of covalent compounds are held by weak

intramolecular forces. Thus, a very small amount of
energy is required to break the bonds between two
or more molecules. That is why they have low melting and
boiling points.
2
5. The
and series
similarof organic properties
chemical compounds
4
ishaving the homologous
called the same functional
group
series.
 Life Process:
1. (a) Double circulation is the circulation of blood through the
heart twice during one complete cycle of the body. It is a
type of circulation in which the blood passes through two
different circuits of the body, namely, pulmonary circulation
and systemic circulation.
(b) The separation of the right side and the left side of the
heart is useful as it allows the oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood to remain separate, which helps in maintaining the
oxygen concentration in the body. In mammals and birds, the
separation of the heart into four chambers helps 3 to increase
the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body tissues. The right
side of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the
body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of
the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and
pumps it to the rest of the body. This separation ensures that
the oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood do not mix, and the
oxygenated blood is delivered efficiently to the body tissues

2. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose occurs in two different

ways. The first stage in both processes is the cytoplasmic
breakdown of the glucose molecule into pyruvate.
Fermentation is the term for the anaerobic breakdown
process in bacteria. Pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide
and ethyl alcohol during fermentation. Pyruvate is
converted to lactic acid in our muscle cells when there is a
shortage of oxygen. Note: In the two scenarios
mentioned above, very little energy is emitted.
2

3. (a) Xylem tracheids and xylem vessels are water-

conducting tissues (vascular tissue) as part of the xylem
present in plants. Xylem is responsible for the conduction of
water from the roots to other parts of the plant. Due to
transpiration and the resulting pressure gradient, water is
absorbed into the root xylem of plants. The transpirational pull
 (b)Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals
due to the following reasons:
(i)Plants are autotrophic organisms, preparing their
own food absorbing solar energy during the process of
photosynthesis.
(ii)Plants don't move from one place to another like animals
so they consume less energy.
(iii)Also, plants possess many dead cells in terms of
sclerenchyma cells that do not require much energy for
maintenance.

4. The surface area to volume ratio in unicellular organisms is

ideal for material exchange or diffusion between the cell and
its external environment, and this rate of exchange
meets the needs of the unicellular organism. However, the
surface area to volume ratio is low in multicellular
organisms, and the only way for an organism to
exchange with the outside world is through its surface,
assisted by a particular structure or organ, such as the
skin. Nevertheless, this exchange is insufficient to make up
for the millions of cells that make up a multicellular
organism, each of which has unique needs depending on its
function.

5. (1) Mouth
(2) Gall bladder
(3) Pancreas
(4) Large intestine 2 4

(5) Small intestine.

 Control and coordination
[Link] is the term for a plant's bending towards
light. The hormone auxins found in plants is to blame.
Auxins, which are produced at the tips of the shoots of
phototropic plants, aid in the extension of the cells when the
growing sections of the plant sense sunlight.

2.a. Phototropism: It is the direction of growth of a plant

in response to the direction of the light. Eg - Movement of
shoots of plants upwards towards light.
b. Geotropism: It is the term used to describe the
directional movement of growth that plants display in
response to
gravity. Geotropism is the growth of roots in the direction of
gravity.
c. Chemotropism: The directed movement of growth in response
to a chemical stimulation is known as chemotropism.
When the pollen tube expands in the direction of the
substance released by the ovary during pollen tube
germination, this is known as chemotropism.

3. The following are the functions of several brain regions:

The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating reflex
responses and involuntary actions. Moreover, it regulates
vomiting, salivation, and blood pressure.
Cerebellum: It directs and synchronizes various muscle
movements. It is in charge of voluntary
2
movements and
etc. 4

keeps the body balanced whether one is walking, drinking,

Parts of the forebrain include the following:
catching,
[Link]: Responsible for thinking, speaking,
reasoning, intelligence, and information utilization.
[Link]: Lobes in this area are in charge of identifying
odors from various receptors.
[Link]: Regulates body temperature, appetite,
thirst, and other impulses.
 [Link] system that keeps the body's and blood's
hormone balance stable is known as the hormone
feedback mechanism. That specific hormone's
concentration can either increase or decrease, which will
either encourage or hinder the hormone's secretion. We
refer to this as feedback.
There are two different kinds of feedback. Positive feedback
is referred to as such, but negative input is not. The
hormone is secreted or produced more when there is a
positive feedback loop. On the other hand, the hormone's
release is suppressed by the negative feedback.

For instance, eating food high in carbohydrates raises

blood glucose levels. The pancreas secretes insulin when
blood glucose levels rise. The cells will be signaled by
this insulin to start absorbing blood glucose. Therefore
The blood's glucose content drops. There would be a
shortage of glucose in the circulation if insulin was still
prese2nt b4 ecause more and more glucose would be
carried inside the cell. In order to stop this, low blood
glucose levels provide negative feedback, which in turn
stops the blood's production of insulin.

[Link] medulla controls the involuntary actions whereas the

forebrain is responsible for controlling the voluntary actions in
the body.
 How do organisms
1
reproduce?
.

2. They reproduce asexually by the formation of the spores.

The body of the fungus is composed of hyphae which develop
the sporangium. The sporangium is a swollen structure at the
tip of the filaments bearing the spores. The spores are tough
and resistant structures which are dispersed by the breaking
of the sporangium.

2 4

3. Barrier method: Use of condoms.

Surgical methods: vasectomy (in male), tubectomy (in
female). Intrauterine devices: copper T.
Oral contraception: oral hormonal pills.
These methods help to take care of mother and child. It also
helps in maintaining a gap between the children so that they can
use resources properly.
4
.

B. Bacterial infections include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and

syphilis. Viral infections include human papillomavirus (HPV),
herpes (HSV or herpes simplex virus), human immunodeficiency
virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and
Hepatitis B.
C. Contraceptive methods are mainly adopted because
of the following reasons:
To prevent unwanted pregnancies.
To control population rise or birth rate.
To prevent the transfer of sexually transmitted
diseases.

5. Pollination: Is defined as the deposition of pollen

grains on the stigma of a flower from anthers belonging
to the same flower, same plant or a different plant.
Pollination is of two types
Self pollination - Stigma receives pollen grains from the
2
same flower
on the same plant or a different 4plant
Cross and
Wind pollination
insects -are
Stigma receives
two agents ofpollen grains from a
pollination,
flower as Anemophily and Entomophily respectively.
called
Example of wind pollination - Grasses,
Gymnosperms, etc. Example of insect pollination -
Rose, Euphorbia sps, etc.
Pollination and fertilization - Suitable pollination leads to
compatible pollen grains being deposited on the stigma,
leading to pollen tube development and fertilization.
 Heredity and Evolution:
1. Inherited trait: Inherited traits are those that are passed
down from parents to children. An individual's inherited
traits are determined by their genes.
[Link] are passed down from generation to
generation.
2. These characteristics are caused by changes in genes or
DNA.
[Link] inherited traits include hair, skin, eye color,
body type, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
Acquired trait: An acquired trait is a personality trait
that develops in a person as a result of environmental
influences.
[Link] are not passed down from generation to
generation
[Link] characteristics emerge in response to their
surroundings or lifestyle.
[Link] characteristics are not encoded by a living
organism's DNA and thus cannot be passed down to future
generations. The mouse will continue to have information for
presence of tail in its DNA. So, it will- continue to have a tail
because absence of tail is an acquired trait

2. Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RRyy) and
another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce F1 progeny
that has round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are selfed,
the F2 progeny will have a new combination of characters, the
combination will be round, yellow and wrinkled green.

3. Dominant traits are always expressed when the connected allele is

dominant, even if only one copy o f t he dominant trait exists.
2 4

Recessive traits are expressed only if both the connected

alleles are recessive. If one of the alleles is dominant, then the
associated characteristic is less likely to manifest.

4. (a) Dominant trait is tallness which is represented by TT and

 (b) According to Mendel's law of monohybrid inheritance and
law of segregation , if a single pair of contrasting
characteristics were cross-bred by self-pollination , then , in F1
progeny , plants with dominant traits are produced . Thus only
tall plants are observed in the F1 Progeny because T are called
dominant traits and they express themselves.

5. In asexual reproduction, DNA is copied as it is from one

generation to another, there is no mating or mixing of genes.
Asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic
information. There is very little genetic variation between
parent and offspring It takes large amount of time for different
trait to develop in case of asexual reproduction Hence, if a trait
exist in 70% of population, it would have arisen earlier as it
would have been replicated over more number of generations.

2 4
 Light
[Link] of reflection of light states that:
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to
the mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

2. Refractive index (RI) if glass is 1.5

Refractive index (RI) of water is
1.33

Now, RI of glass with respect to

water = RI of glass/RI of water
=

1
.
5
/
1
.
3
3

1
.
2
1
4 2
7 lens is parallel
4. (i) A ray of light incident on a concave
to its principal axis, the diagram can be drawn as follows:
RI of water with respect to glass =
RI of water/RI of glass
=
1.3
3/1
.5
=
0.8
4. The refracted ray appears to pass through focus on the same
side of the lens.
(ii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is passing
through its optical centre then the refracted ray will go
without deviation.

(iii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is directed

towards its principal axis then it will go parallel to
principal axis.

5. Object distance, u = -60 cm

Focal length of the lens, f = -30 cm
Step 2: Finding the image distance using the lens
formula: Using the lens formula, we get
1/f = 1/v -1/u
1/v = 1/f + 1/u
1/v = 1/(-30) + 11/(-60)
1/v = 1/-
20 v = -
20cm
Thus, the
distance
of the
image 2

fro m the
4

lens is 20
cm.

(ii)The four characteristics of the image formed by the lens

in this case are:
3. Image is diminished (smaller than the object).
4. Image is formed at a distance of 20 cm from the optical
centre of the concave lens on the same side of the
object.

2 4
 Human eye & colorful world
1. Splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors
due to refraction is known as dispersion of white light.
Cause of dispersion: When a beam of white light enters a prism, it
gets refracted and splits into seven constituent colors. The
splitting of the light ray occurs due to the different bending angle
for each color.
Thus, each color ray when passing through the prism bends at
different angles with respect to the incident beam, thus giving
rise to a spectrum.

2. Newton was the first to use a glass prism to obtain the

spectrum of a white light. He then placed a second identical
prism in an inverted position with respect to the first prism. This
allowed all the colors of the white light to pass through the
second prism combining to form a white light emerging from the
other side of the second prism. This made him believe that white
light was composed of different colors.
2 4
3
.

4. (i) Cornea: It is a transparent bulge on the front surface of

eyeball which refracts most of the light rays entering the eye.
(ii)Iris : A thin, pigmented structure found in the eye
that can regulate the amount of light that can enter the
retina.
(iii)Pupil: Black hole in the centre of the iris of the eye which
permits light towards retina.

5. The student is suffering from myopia.

The two possible reasons due to which the defect of vision arises
are: excessive curvature of the eye lens and elongation of the
eye ball.
A student with myopia has the far point nearer than infinity, thus,
the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina.
2
Correction of myopia:
retina, thus the defect is This defect
4 can be corrected by using
a concave lens of suitable power as it brings the image back
corrected.
on to the
 Electricity
1. The total potential difference across a combination of
resistors in series is equal to the sum of a potential difference
across the individual resistors. V=V1+V2+V3
Let I be the current in the circuit. The current through each
resistor is also I. It is possible to replace the three resistors
joined in series by an equivalent resistor of resistance R.
Applying Ohm's law,
V=IR V1= IR1
V2=
IR2
V3=
IR3
V=V1+
V2 +
V3
IR= IR1+ IR2 +
IR3 R=R1+
R2+R3
Two parallel combinations must be connected in series with each
other to get the effective resistance of 8Ω. The effective
resistance of each of the parallel combination is 4Ω resistors are
added together to get 8Ω effective resistance.

2. It states that the potential difference V, across the ends of a

given metallic wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it, provided
2
its temperature remains
the
same. 4

Mathematically, V ∝

I
V = RI
where R is resistance of the
conductor. or R = V/I
So the slope of V-I graph at any point
represents the resistance of the given
conductor.
3. Kilowatt (kW) - a large unit of electric power Kilowatt hour
(kWh) - a commercial unit of energy.
1 kWh = -3.6 x 10^6 Joules.
Potential difference = 5V, Current = 500 mA = 500 x
10^(-3) A P = VI
= 5V x 500 x 10^(-3) =
2.5W R = V/I
= 5/500 x 10^(-3) x 10Ω
= 100Ω

[Link] both the bulbs are connected in parallel and to a

220 V supply, the voltage across each bulb is 220 V. Then
Current drawn by 100 W bulb,
I1 = power/voltage = 100W/220V =
0.454A Current drawn by 60 W bulb,
I2 = 60W/220V = 0.273 A
Total current drawn from the supply
line,
I = I1 + I2 = 0.454 A + 0.273 A = 0.727
A = 0.73 A

5.(a) Given, voltage = 2V + 2V +

2V = 6V Current through 10Ω
resistance,
I(10) = V/R=6/10 = 0.6 A
Current through 20Ω
resistance, I(20) = V/R =6/20
= 0.3 A
Current through 30Ω
resistance,
I(30) = V/R=6/30 = 0.2 A

(b) Total current in the circuit, I

= I(1 0) + I(20) + I(30)
2 4

= 0.6+0.3 +0.2 = 1.1 A

(c)Total resistance of the

circuit,
 Magnetic effects of
current
1. (i) No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it is at
rest, because only moving charge particle can experience force
when placed in a magnetic field.
(ii)No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it
moves in the magnetic field parallel to field lines because
charge particle experiences force only when it moves at an
angle other than 0° with magnetic field.
(iii)Alpha particle will experience a force in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and
direction of motion of alpha particle.

[Link] electric appliances of daily use like electric press,

heater, toaster, refrigerator, table fan etc. have a metallic body.
If the insulation of any of these appliances melts and makes
contact with the metallic casing, the person touching it is likely to
receive a severe electric shock. This is due to the reason that the
metallic casing will be at the same potential as the applied one.
Obviously, the electric current will flow through the body of the
person who touches the appliance. To avoid such serious
accidents, the metal casing of the electric appliance is earthed.
Since the earth does not offer any resistance, the current flows to
the earth through the earth wire instead of flowing through the
body of the person.

3. Fleming’s left hand rule: Stretch the forefinger, middle finger

2
and the thumb of your left hand
other. If the forefinger indicates4
mutually perpendicular
the direction to each
of magnetic
field and the middle finger indicates the direction of current,
then the thumb will indicate the direction of motion of
conductor
4. Imaginary continuous closed curves used to represent
the magnetic field in a region is known as magnetic field
lines. It is directed from north pole to south pole outside
the magnet and south pole to north pole inside the
magnet.

(a)The direction of magnetic field (B) at any point is obtained

by drawing a tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. In
case, two magnetic field lines intersect each other at the point P
as shown in figure, magnetic field at P will have two directions,
shown by two arrows, one drawn to each magnetic field line at P,
which is not possible.
(b)It is taken by convention that the field lines emerges
from north pole and merge at the south pole. Inside the
magnet, the direction of field lines is from its south pole to
its north pole. Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed
curves.

5. Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated

copper wire wrapped in the shape of cylinder is called
solenoid.

i) 2 4
(ii) Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.
Following are the distinguishing features between the two
fields.
(a)A bar magnet is a permanent magnet whereas
solenoid is an electromagnet, therefore field produced
by solenoid is temporary and stay till current flows
through it.
(b)Magnetic field produced by solenoid is more
stronger than magnetic field of a bar magnet.

2 4
 Our Environment
[Link] UV rays interact with oxygen molecules, they
release a free oxygen atom, which then joins with
another oxygen molecule to generate ozone. O + O2 →
O3 (Ozone) Because ozone absorbs and shields us from
the Sun's harmful UV rays, its decrease is a reason for
concern.

[Link] and lakes being natural ecosystems have

natural decomposers and cleaners embedded as an
integral part of the ecosystem, hence we do not have to
clean them. Aquariums
are artificially built ecosystems which generally do not
contain every aspect of a natural ecosystem.

[Link] they rely only on simple inorganic compounds like

carbon and water to manufacture their own food, green plants
are considered producers because they not only sustain all other
species but also produce their own food.

[Link] encouraging the use of recycled materials and

reducing the use of throwaway things, we can lessen the issue
of garbage disposal.
Separating garbage that is biodegradable from that that is
not before disposing of it.
Recycling the garbage that isn't biodegradable.
2 4
5. Ecosystem can be defined as a system composed of
biotic and abiotic components and the interactions
between them The energy flow in an ecosystem is
always from producers to consumers moving in the
upward direction, that is from

2 4