HEALTH AND

WELLBEING
Module 3
 The Key Habits of a Balanced
Lifestyle
• A balanced lifestyle is a lifestyle that will ensure you enjoy
good health to be able to perform your daily responsibilities.
• You live in a way that you are free from diseases, you
manage stress levels and are filled with energy and
enthusiasm for living and a positive attitude.
• It implies that you relax enough and work/study and
maintain a balance between these two.
 Habit 1
Eat healthy food
• A healthy, balanced diet is one that is rich in nutrients.
• It contains food from all five food groups.
• If it grows on a tree or in the ground, it is good for you.
• If it has been processed, it is bad for you.
• Eat regular meals.
• Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
• Remember to drink at least six to eight glasses of water.
• Fresh fruit and vegetable juices are good for you.
• Fizzy drinks, coffee and tea are not so good for you.
 Habit 2
Get regular exercise
• Physical exercise is necessary if you want to keep yourself
healthy.
• It helps prevent being overweight, heart disease, high
cholesterol, high blood pressure and increases lung capacity.
• Exercise releases endorphins (feel good hormone), which
helps you to feel good.
 Habit 3
Avoid Stimulants (Drugs and
Alcohol)
• Stimulants are substances that increase, or stimulate, the normal
activity of the central nervous system (they increase the normal level
of awareness, alertness and energy in your mind and body).
• They usually have side effects if you take them for an extended period
of time, you may become dependent on them.
Legal stimulants Illegal stimulants
Caffeine Methamphetamine (meth)
Nicotine (found in tobacco products) Crack
Weight-loss pills Cocaine
Energy drinks Ecstasy, commonly knows as “trip drug”
Prescription amphetamines used to treat
ADD or ADHD, such as Adderall
 Habit 4
Get enough sleep
• Sleeping is the time your body and mind get to rest and restore
itself.
• Not sleeping enough affects the way you function and often you will
not be able to concentrate well.
• Adults need between six to eight hours sleep a night.

Things to remember about the room you sleep in:

• It should be quiet.
• The bed should have enough covers to keep you warm.
• You should let fresh air in during the day.
 Habit 5
Practice good hygiene
• Hair must be clean, healthy and shining. Wash your hair regularly.
• Clean the inside of your ears daily.
• Never have cracked, dirty heels and elbows. Rub a cream in these
areas.
• Wash your hands regularly.
• Keep your nails clean. If you use nail polish, make sure it is not
chipped.
• Bath or shower daily to prevent bad body odour. Use deodorant
after every bath or shower.
• Brush your teeth every morning and after you have eaten.
 Habit 6
Manage stress
• Stress is a reaction to the daily demands and pressures of life
such as difficult exams, parents getting a divorce or hosting a
party.
• Whatever the reason for your anxiety, too much of it can be
harmful to your health, therefore you need to manage your
stress.
 The ABC of stress management

• Awareness – be aware of the signs of stress, such as anxiety,

poor concentration, changes in appetite, racing heart, etc.

• Balance – try to get perspective by looking at the problem from

a different angle. Get advice from parents, friends and teachers.

• Control – Take action. Make a decision about a solution and

follow through on it. Use some relaxation techniques such as
exercise, soothing music, going to the movies, etc.
 What can happen if I don’t live
healthily
Poor hygiene can cause infections of the body and spread illness. As a
result:
• You will have no energy and feel and look miserable.
• You will probably be overweight.
• You will have tooth decay and possibly bad breath.
• Your skin and hair will not look healthy.
• You will spread diseases to all the people you come in contact with.
• You will battle to stay healthy when you come in contact with germs
and bacteria that other people carry around. You will contract
diseases easier.
 Seven steps to prevention
1. Eat better: Instead of going on a diet, watch your diet.
2. Exercise more: Try to work up a light sweat at least 30 minutes, three
times a week.
3. Scrub up: A good, regular hand wash will keep germs away.
4. Stop smoking
5. Take time to unwind: A little stress is good for you but watch out for
too much.
6. Get a good nights sleep: Get at least 6-8 hours.
7. Know yourself: Understand your body and take note of warning signs.
 The Benefits of
Regular Physical
Exercise
 Physical Benefits
• Exercise reduces the risk of heart disease and hypertension.
• It makes your body strong, healthy and able to resist and fight off
diseases more easily.
• It gives you more stamina – you don’t get tired so easily.
• You will feel and look healthier.
• You will have lots of energy.
• Exercise will help you get a good nights sleep.
• Exercise controls weight.
• It keeps your bones strong.
• It improves the appearance of your skin
Emotional and Mental Wellbeing
• Exercise helps you get rid of stress.
• It pushes up your serotonin levels that are needed to feel happy.
• You will be able to cope with more stressful situations because
you feel healthy.
• You won’t want to take drugs because you won’t have time.
• You can concentrate and perform better in your studies or work.
• Exercise provides an important source of social contact and is an
easy way of meeting new friends.
 Three types of exercises
1. Flexibility – these involve moving a join as far as it will go
(without pain). You can do simple stretches or through
dance, yoga and similar activities.
2. Cardio-vascular – Endurance exercises include walking,
biking, climbing, stairs, aerobics and swimming. These
exercises strengthen muscles and build co-ordination and
endurance.
3. Muscle Strength – Resistance exercises help build strong
muscles. You can do them with ankle and wrist weights,
resistance machines, resistance bands or free weights.
 My fitness plan
• Set your goals.
• Set a timeframe for your goals.
• Figure out how to meet your goals with an exercise program.
• Structure your program.
• Maintain your program.
 Motivation to keep going
• Make the time – make it a priority and find time.

• Find an activity that you enjoy – you are more likely to stick to
an activity if you enjoy it.

• Stay accountable - writing down what you do will help you be

accountable.

• Start with reasonable goals – don’t start with exercises that are
too hard, that will lead to fatigue.
 What can I do?
• Walking

• Jogging

• Aerobic dancing

• Step aerobics

• Kickboxing
 How much exercise do I need?
• Moderate-intensity aerobic activity means you’re working
hard enough to raise your heart rate and break a sweat. One
way to tell is that you’ll be able to talk, but not sing.

• Vigorous-intensity aerobic activity means you’re breathing

hard and fast, and your heart rate has gone up quite a bit.
You won’t be able to say more than a few words without
pausing for a breath.
 You need at least:
• 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (e.g.
brisk walking) every week and muscle-strengthening activities on two
or more days a week.
OR
• 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity (e.g.
jogging or running) every week and muscle-strengthening activities on
two or more days a week.

You can do a mix of moderate and vigorous exercises.

 My Personal Nutrition Plan
Five Food Groups
Food Groups Function Sources

Carbohydrates Provide energy Bread, cereals, rice, pasta, maize

Fruits and Vegetables Protect the body from illness All fruits and vegetables

Dairy Products Build strong bones and teeth Milk, cheese, yoghurt

Meat, Chicken, Fish, Eggs and Build strong and healthy muscles Beef, lamb, pork, chicken, eggs,
Legumes dry beans, peas, lentils, nuts
Oils and Fates Provide energy, enhance mental Butter, margarine, sunflower oil,
performance, allows absorption olive oil
of certain vitamins
 Healthy Food Choices
• Healthy carbohydrates are unrefined foods such as wholegrain bread,
oats, brown rice, pasta, muesli. Unhealthy carbohydrates are refined
foods such as white bread, potato chips, biscuits, doughnuts, etc.
• Vegetables and fruits are healthier when eaten raw. The cooking
process destroys some of the nutrients.
• Choose low-fat or fat-free cheese and milk instead of full-cream or
full-fat dairy products.
• Avoid meat with fat and limit the intake of red meats. Try to eat lean
meat and white meat that are not prepared with lots of fats or oils.
• Consume healthy fats and oil found in avocados, seeds, nuts and oily
fish such as sardines and salmon.
Substance Abuse
 What is addiction?
• Addiction is the condition of taking drugs excessively and
being unable to stop doing so without negative effects. It is a
dependency on a substance.
• When you are dependent on something, you have a mental
and physical desire to consume it, regardless of how
damaging it is to your health.
 Different types of addiction
• Psychological dependence: There is an inner craving to use
the drug continually and to obtain it at all costs. The
addiction is more mental than physical.
• Tolerance: An increased resistance to the drug. When the
drugs loses its effect, doses are increased more and more.
• Physical dependence: When the metabolism of the body has
been disturbed by the repeated intake of drugs, a stage
comes when the body cannot function properly without the
drug.
 How can you tell when someone
is addicted?
• Behavioral evidence: Guilty behavior – act as if they are doing
something wrong.
• Untruthful stories: Does not tell the truth, e.g. does not say where
they are and they avoid eye contact.
• Change in appetite: Loses appetite with resulting weight loss.
• Changing friends: Frequently changes friends or becomes a loner.
• Mood swings: Has frequent and unaccountable mood swings and is
unable to control them.
• Theft: Steals household items, clothing and money disappears.
• Absenteeism: Often absent from school, resulting in dropout.
 Types and Effects
Drug type Effects Examples
Depressants (sometimes called • Slows down the body • Alcohol
downers) • Calms the user • Sedatives
• Impairs judgement and sleep occurs
Stimulants (sometimes called uppers) • Pulse and blood pressure increases • Caffeine
• Makes the body feel alert and awake • Crack
• Feelings of hunger and tiredness • Speed
blocked • Cocaine
• Ice
Hallucinogens (also known as psycho- • Heightens and distorts senses • LSD
active drugs) • May cause hallucinations • PCP
Narcotics (also called opiates because • Relieves pain • Opium
they are opium-based drugs) • Induces sleep • Morphine
• Heroin
 What other
addictions do we
have?
 Alcohol
• Alcohol decreases inhibitions and impairs judgement, people
are more likely to get reckless or violent when drunk.
• After-effects include feeling hung-over and depressed.
• Alcohol is addictive for those who use it very often, and if
abused heavily can cause mental and physical damage such
as liver diseases, stomach ulcers, memory loss and
weakness.
• Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause irreversible
brain and other damage to the developing baby.
 Nicotine
• Nicotine is addictive and the younger you start smoking, the
harder it is to quit.
• Short-term problems include more allergies, colds and chest
complaints in smokers.
• After years of smoking there is a risk of lung disease, throat, lung
and other cancers.
• Even non-smokers and children exposed to cigarette smoke from
others at risk.
• Unborn babies of mothers who smoke are smaller and have
more health problems.
 Inhalants/Solvents
• Abuse of inhalers/solvents can lead to liver and kidney damage,
headaches, suffocation and brain damage.
• Side-effects include vomiting, coughing, intoxication, dizziness,
slurred speech, confusion, etc.
• The solvent in the glue dissolves the lining nerves in the brain
and body.
• With use over a few weeks or longer, irreversible brain damage
may occur so that the person cannot learn or remember properly
and may experience paranoia or delusions.
 Over-the-counter and
prescription drugs
• Taking a medication that has been prescribed for someone
else.

• Taking a drug in a higher quantity or in another manner than

prescribed.

• Taking a drug for another purpose than prescribed.

 Why should you follow
instructions on medication?
• Sleeping pills/tranquilizers can be helpful for people who
cannot sleep or who experience anxiety.

• Painkillers are abused because they cause euphoria. They are

also depressants and may result in difficulty breathing.

• Slimming tablets are psychologically addictive. Side-effects

include shaking, a dry mouth, heightened senses, anxiety, etc.
 Illegal drugs in South Africa
• Marijuana (dagga, weed)
• Mandrax
• Cocaine and crack
• Ecstasy
• Heroin
The effects of
addiction
 On the individual
• People’s personalities change and they become abusive to children
and their partners.
• It can cause mental illness.
• You can lose brain cells and lose memory, therefore you will not be
able to study and remember.
• You can end up in jail because you have become a thief or sex worker.
• You can contract HIV/Aids, STI’s and infections from dirty needles.
• You can lose your appetite.
• You can become depressive.
• You will have no energy once the drug has worn off.
 On the family
• Children of an addict may feel guilty and responsible for the problem,
or at the very least, may feel different from their peers.
• These children often experience depression and low self-esteem.
• Abuse to children and family increases when you are not in control of
yourself.
• Family members are often exposed to violence from the addict.
• The family suffers financially because the person usually steals money
or belongings to buy drugs.
 On society
• Car accidents increase if people are under the influence of alcohol
and drugs.
• Rape increases.
• Violence increases.
• Crime increases because people will steal to get money to buy drugs.
• Families suffer because a member uses all the money to buy drugs
instead of food.
• It causes people to lose their jobs because they can no longer perform
their duties effectively, and now society must look after them.
 Where can I get help?
• The South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug
Dependence (SANCA)
• Drug Wise
• Alcoholics Anonymous SA
• Al-Anon
• Narcotics Anonymous SA
 Human sexuality
within relationships
 Men and Women are made
differently
• Women have smaller bodies than men.
• Women have shorter legs than men.
• Women have narrower rib cages than men.
• Women have wider hips and smaller shoulders.
• Women’s pelvis has a different inclination.
• Women have bigger elbows and knees.
• Women have less muscular volume.
• Women have more fat tissue.
• Women have smaller lungs and take less oxygen.
 What else is different?
SEX ORGANS
The most obvious difference between males and females are
the sex organs.
• Women have two ovaries that store the eggs and a uterus
which is connected to a vagina. Female sex organs are
placed inside the body.
• Men have testicles that produce sperm. The testicles are
placed in the scrotum behind the penis. The male penis and
scrotum are external parts.
 Diseases

• More men than women become infected with HIV.

• More males are likely to be diagnosed with TB than females.
• Women are less likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease.
• Men are more likely to suffer from cancer.
• Women are more likely to suffer from osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and
blindness
 Men and Women act differently
A gender role is the public image of being male or female that a person
presents to others. It is a set of social and behavioral norms that are
generally considered appropriate for either a man or woman in a social
or interpersonal relationship. Gender roles vary widely between
cultures and even in the same cultural tradition have differed over time
and context.

Traditionally the male is the provider and holds the power. The women
are more submissive nurturers. People treat gender roles as natural,
but they are not.
 How do gender roles form?
Parents are our first teachers, they don’t only teach us to walk and talk
but also about attitudes and behavior. Some parents still follow
traditional definitions of males and females and they start early by
treating their baby boys and girls differently.
• Parents tend to respond quicker to their daughters cries than the sons.
• They also tend to cuddle girls more than they do for boys.
• They allow boys to try walking and other activities faster than they
allow girls, because they feel girls could get hurt.
• Girls are always praised for how they look.
• Many parents encourage and expect boys to be more active and be
more rough.
Peer Pressure is a way of reinforcing a culture’s traditional gender roles.
A child who does not fit the traditional gender roles that other children
in the peer group have been exposed and is often excluded from group
activities. Peers react more positively to children who fit traditional
gender roles.

Examples of traditional gender roles and stereotypes include:

Men Women
Men become doctors Women become nurses
Boys play with trucks Girls play with dolls
Men want careers Women want to stay at home to take care
of the family
Males like sports and outdoor activities Females like sewing, cooking and indoor
activities
Males do well in Math's and Science Females do well in English, Art and Music
 Behavior in relationships
There are three ways to respond to situations in relationships is by
being passive, assertive or aggressive.
• Passive behavior occurs when people either say or do nothing and
ignore a situation, or give in to a situation and see what happens.
• Assertive behavior occurs when people stick up for themselves, but
still remember to consider others. To be assertive, people need to
value themselves and others.
• Aggressive behavior occurs when people try to get their own way at
the expense of others who may end up feeling hurt or angry.
A healthy relationship is formed and maintained if you make the right
choice in terms of how to behave. What is a healthy relationship? It is
one in which:
• You feel safe to express your feelings.
• You can have fun together and enjoy each other’s company.
• You can communicate openly.
• There is honesty and trust.
• You can share your concerns about your relationship.
• You can be yourself and feel good about who you are.
• There is mutual trust.
• You stay true to your partner.
• You have shared interests.
 Helpful tips for a healthy
relationship
• Be yourself
• Don’t criticize
• Be dependable
• Don’t hold grudges
• Don’t assume things
• Say sorry if you are wrong
• Negotiate time and space to talk
• Take responsibility for your own actions
To have a good relationship you
have definite responsibilities:
• Listen and be listened
• Be honest and expect honesty
• Share our feelings and expect our partners to share theirs
• Disagree and allow disagreement
• Be fair and expect to be treated fairly
• Give support and be supported
• Forgive and expect forgiveness
• Consider our partners needs and have ours considered
 Risky sexual behavior
Defined by the increased risk of a negative outcome, which
can take two pathways: risky sexual behavior are those which

1. Increase the chance of contracting or transmitting disease,

or

2. Increase the chance of the occurrence of unwanted

pregnancy.
 Risky sexual behaviors
• Having more than one sexual partner.
• Changing sexual partners frequently.
• Having sexual contact without a condom
• Using reliable methods of birth control, or using birth control
inconsistently.
 Sexually Transmitted Infections
(STI’s)
The best way to prevent STI’s is to avoid unprotected sexual contact
with others. If you decide to be sexually active, there are certain things
you can do to reduce the risk of developing an STI:

• Have a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected

partner.
• Correctly and consistently use a male condom.
• Delay having sex for as long as possible.
• If you are sexually active, have regular checkups for STI’s.
 Some of the most common
sexually transmitted infections
include:
• Genital warts - most common, cannot be cured.
• Genital herpes – cannot be cured but the symptoms can be
treated.
• HIV – spread by contact with infected blood, cannot be
cured.
• Hepatitis B – cannot be cured.
• Syphilis – can be treated, very contagious.
• Chlamydia – treated with antibiotics.
 Symptoms of STI’s
• Painful urination
• Pain during sex
• Discharge from the penis or vagina
• Rashes or blisters
• Painful swelling
• Strong odour
• Flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue and body aches.
 Date Rape
“Date Rape” often referred to as acquaintance rape, is an assault or
attempted assault involving sexual intercourse without mutual consent.

So-called ‘date-rape drugs’ are mostly used to assist in committing this

type of sexual assault. The drugs have no color, odour or taste and are
easily added to flavor drinks without the victims knowledge. These
drugs usually cause a person to become helpless – they can hardly
move and are not able to protect themselves from being hurt.
 How do I protect myself from
date rape drugs?
• Never leave your drink unattended, even if you go to the
bathroom.
• Do not accept open-container drinks from anyone but a
bartender.
• Be wary about accepting drinks from anyone you do not know
well.
• Attend parties or visit bars with a group of friends, and arrange
to watch each others drinks.
• If you arrive as a group, leave as a group.
• Watch out for your friends. If a friend shows symptoms of date-
rape drugs, get medical help.
 What should I do if I suspect
date rape?
• If you are ill or inured, go to a hospital emergency
department.
• If you want to report the incident, call the police and
preserve the evidence – do not shower, change clothes or
brush your teeth – until you get an exam.
• Try not to urinate until medical evidence is collected at the
hospital.
• Get emotional support and help.
 Unplanned Pregnancies
Unplanned pregnancy can cause you great heartache and make it very
difficult for you to fulfill your dreams and goals. Whether you decide to
carry on with your pregnancy or terminate it, your life will never be the
same. This is also true for the father of the baby.

• More health problems for unplanned babies. Because mothers of

unplanned babies only get medical attention late in the pregnancy.
• Lower levels of education: This could be because the parents have
not completed their studies or any qualifications, therefore their
income is much lower and they cannot afford to give their children
good education.
 What exactly is safer sex?
Safer sex refers to sexual activity where a barrier is used (i.e. a
condom) which reduces the risk of bodily fluid transmission
(semen, vaginal secretions and/or blood) between partners.
 How can I reduce my risk of
STI’s or an unplanned
pregnancy?
• Practice safer sex
• Being in a mutually monogamous relationship
• Delay having sex
• Have regular checks for STI’s
 How can I stay safe?
• Your friends want you to drink – Practice to say NO before you go to
the party. Pour a non-alcoholic drink and hold on to it.
• You are expected to play a risky game – Apart from drinking games
there are other dangerous games that you should never play.
• Someone passes you a “cigarette” – Never take anything to smoke
from anyone. It could be mixed with marijuana or cocaine.
• Your date or ride dropped you – Never get in the car with someone
you don’t know or is drunk.
• Your friends are going to a secret location for a party – Avoid these
parties at all costs. They can involve drugs.
Fire Safety
Measures
 What are fire risks?
Fire starts when heat comes into contact with fuel (anything that burns)
and oxygen (air). To prevent fires, one needs to keep sources of heat
and fuel apart.

Fire risks include:

• Anything that can start a fire, such as naked flames or heaters.
• Anything that can burn in a fire, such as textiles or paper.
• Oxygen sources such as air conditioning.
 Fire risks and how to prevent
fires
Risk Prevention
The kitchen is the most fire-prone room • Do not leave the kitchen unnecessarily when
in the house. cooking.
• Always watch hot oil as it catches fire very
easily. Do not fill more than one-third of the
pan/pot with oil to prevent it from splattering.
• Use only microwave proof dishes in the
microwave oven.
• Keep cookbooks, pot holders, dishcloths or
any flammable materials away from heat.
• Do not store flammable objects such as plastic
containers, boxes, etc. in the oven.
• Do not wear long, loose-fitting sleeves when
cooking.
Electrical cords that are worn away • Be careful of pets chewing on
exposing electrical wires, may start fires. electrical cables.
• Do not cover cords with rugs where
people will walk often.

Flammable materials near something hot. • Do not leave lampshades too close to
a bulb.
• Do not leave blankets or curtains near
a heater.

Candles are a cheap source of light but • Even if in a safe holder, candles should
when not used correctly, cause a large never be left unattended.
amount of fires every year. • Do not put a candle near flammable
materials such as curtains

Smoking • Smoking in bed must be avoided.

• Do not leave a burning cigarette
unattended.

Open fires • Ensure that it is far away from

flammable materials such as dry grass.
• The ashes from an open fire should be
completely cold before being left.
 Should I fight the fire?
All fires can be very dangerous and life-threatening. Your safety should
be your main concern when attempting to fight a fire. Before you put
out a fire be certain that:
• The fire is small and not spreading. A fire can double in size within two
or three minutes.
• You have the proper fire extinguisher for what is burning.
• The fire won’t block your exit if you can’t control it. Keep the exit to
your back.
• You know your fire extinguisher works. Inspect extinguishers regularly.
• You should know how to use your fire extinguisher.
 How to fight a fire safely?
• Always stand with an exit at your back.
• Stand several feet away from the fire, moving closer once the fire
starts to diminish.
• Use a sweeping motion and aim at the base of the fire.
• If possible, use a “buddy system” to have someone back you up or call
for help if something goes wrong.
• Be sure to watch the area for a while to ensure it doesn’t reignite.
 Never fight a fire if:
• The fire is spreading rapidly. Only use a fire extinguisher when the fire
is in its early stages. If the fire is spreading quickly, evacuate and call
the fire department.
• You don’t know what is burning. Unless you know what is burning,
you won’t know what type of fire extinguisher to use.
• You don’t have the proper fire extinguisher.
• There is too much smoke or you are at risk of inhaling smoke
What to do in a fire emergency?
• Alert everyone: Make sure everyone in the house or building knows
about the fire.
• Get everyone out: You should have an escape route planned that
everyone knows about. As you escape, remember the following:
Don’t delay to look for valuables.
As you go out, only open doors you need to and close any open doors you can
to slow the spread of the fire.
Don’t investigate the fire.
Crawl on the floor, put your nose as low as possible, the smoke is toxic and
can kill you.
Do not use elevators but use the stairs if it is safe.
If you are escaping with others, stay together if you can.
• If your clothes catch fire: The best way to reduce injury from the
flames is to extinguish the burning fabric as soon as possible. To put
out burning clothes, take these three steps:

Stop: Do not run or wave your arms. Movement will fan the flames and cause
the burns to be more severe.

Drop: Get on the ground quickly and cover your face with your hands.

Roll: Try to smother the flames by rolling over and over. Pay attention to
what’s burning and focus on putting out that area of your body.

STOP DROP AND ROLL

• When you can’t get out by your escape route:
If your planned escape route is blocked and on the ground floor, go out
the window – throw cushions on the ground outside to break your fall.

• If you cannot get out, get everyone into one room:

Choose a room with a window if you can, open the windows and call
for help.

• If you live in a multi-story flat:

Get everyone into one room with a window, open the window and
wave a sheet or shout to draw attention.
 Basic first-aid for burn victims
A burn is any damage to the skin or other tissues caused by dry or moist
heat, chemical reaction, electrical energy or radiation. Most burns occur
in the house and the victims are usually the elderly and the very young.

• Surface burns (first-degree burns): The upper layers of the skin are
destroyed.
• Blistering (second-degree burns): The skin is red, swells and blisters
form. Severe form.
• Deep burns (third-degree burns): The outer layers of the skin are
destroyed. The skin may be charred and there may be other areas of
superficial burn
 Take the following steps to
reach the abovementioned
aims:
• Remove the patient from the heat or fire.
• Immediately reduce the temperature in the burned area by putting the
injured part in cold water for at least ten minutes, or by putting wet
towels on it until the pain lessons.
• Heat in burned tissue continues to spread, so to prevent further tissue
damage, cool down the whole area as quickly as possible.
• Remove the burnt clothing while continuing to flush the area.
• Assess breathing and give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if needed.
• Cover the burned area lightly with a sterile dressing, a clean towel, or a
sheet if the area is large. Protect blisters so that they do not break.
• Treat for shock.
 Treatment of shock
• Do not let the casualty move unnecessarily, eat, drink or smoke.
• Do not leave the casualty unattended, reassure the casualty
constantly.
• Treat any cause of shock, which can be remedied.
• Lay the casualty down, keeping the head low.
• Raise and support the casualty’s leg.
• Loosen tight clothing, braces, straps or belts in order to reduce
constriction at the neck, chest and waist.
• Insulate the casualty from the cold, both from above and below.