Larry Brown

Tom Holme

[Link]/chemistry/brown

Chapter 1
Introduction to Chemistry

Jacqueline Bennett • SUNY Oneonta

What is Engineering
• Engineers apply principles of math & science to solve
technical [Link] laws and forces of nature are directed
by engineers to meet human needs. Engineering is the
application of science & math to solve technical problems and
create new systems, products or devices to benefit
civilization.
The Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)
ABET’s Definition:
• Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by study,
experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop
ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of
nature for the benefit of mankind
2
Scientists & Engineers
• Scientists ask why? • Engineers ask “what can I
make with it?”
• Scientists want to • Engineers apply scientific
understand why our world principles to solve problems
behaves the way it does. or meet human needs.

• Scientists emphasize the • Engineers apply established

theoretical. scientific theories and
principles to create new
products or solve technical
problems

3
Engineers
• Engineers are the link between scientific theory and the
implementation of technology.
• The end result of science is new knowledge.
• The end result of engineering is design.

Design is a creative process that results in a new device,

system, structure, or process that satisfies a specific human
need.

4
Chapter Objectives
• Describe how chemistry and engineering helped transform
aluminum from a precious metal to an inexpensive structural
material.

• Explain the usefulness of the macroscopic, microscopic, and

symbolic perspectives in understanding chemical systems.

• Draw pictures to illustrate simple chemical phenomena (like

the differences among solids, liquids, and gases) on the
molecular scale.

5
Chapter Objectives

• Explain the difference between inductive and deductive

reasoning in your own words.

• Use appropriate ratios to convert measurements from one

unit to another.

• Express the results of calculations using the correct number

of significant figures.

6
The Study of Chemistry
• The study of chemistry involves three levels of understanding,
or three perspectives.

• Macroscopic

• Microscopic

• Symbolic

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The Macroscopic Perspective
• Matter is anything that has
mass and can be observed.

• Matter is observed through

two types of changes.

• Physical changes

• Chemical changes

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The Macroscopic Perspective
• There are three phases of matter.

• Solids are hard and do not change their shapes easily at

ordinary temperatures.

• Liquids assume the shape of the portion of the container

they fill.

• Gases expand to occupy the entire volume of their

containers.

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The Microscopic, or Particulate, Perspective

• Matter is composed of unimaginably small particles called

atoms that retain the chemical identity of the element they
represent.

• An element is composed of atoms with identical physical and

chemical properties.

• Molecules are groups of atoms held together by attractive

forces whose properties are distinguishable from those of the
individual elements.

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The Microscopic Perspective

• Solid: particles maintain a regular ordered structure; maintains

size and shape.
• Liquid: particles remain close but no longer ordered; takes
shape of container.
• Gas: particles are widely separated and move independently
of one another; fills available volume of container.

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The Microscopic Perspective

• During a physical
change, chemical
composition does not
change.

• Heating liquid water to

make gaseous water
(steam)

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The Microscopic Perspective

• During a chemical change, a chemical reaction occurs that

changes the chemical composition of the matter involved.
• Using electricity to convert water into oxygen and
hydrogen molecules 13
The Symbolic Representation
• Element abbreviations are
used to represent:

• pure aluminum, Al

• aluminum oxide, Al2O3

14
The Science of Chemistry: Observations and Models

• Chemistry is an empirical science and is studied by:

• Measuring physical properties and observing chemical

reactions.

• Models are created to explain observations and organize

collected data.

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Observations in Science
• Observations are recorded via measurements.

• Accuracy - how close the observed value is to the “true”

value.

• Precision - the spread in values obtained from

measurements; the reproducibility of values.

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Observations in Science
• Measurements can have
poor precision and poor
accuracy.

• Darts are scattered

evenly across the
board.

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Observations in Science
• Measurements can have
good precision and poor
accuracy.

• Darts are clustered

together.

• But darts are clustered

far from the bulls-eye.

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Observations in Science
• Measurements can have
good precision and good
accuracy.

• Darts are clustered

together, and

• darts are clustered

close to or on the
bulls-eye.

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Observations in Science
• Measurements contain one of two types of errors:

• Random Error - may make a measurement randomly too

high or too low. (e.g., variation associated with equipment
limitations)

• Systematic Error - may make a measurement consistently

too high or too low. (e.g., the presence of an impurity)

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Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry

• Chemists quantify data, expressing collected data with units

and significant figures.

• Units - designate the type of quantity measured.

• Prefixes - provide scale to a base unit.

• Significant Figures - indicate the amount of information

that is reliable when discussing a measurement.

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Units
• The base unit designates
the type of quantity being
measured.

• SI units (from French

Système International) are
the base units of science.

• Some units comprise

combinations of these base
units and are termed
derived units
• 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2

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Units

• Prefixes are used with base units to report and understand quantities
of any size.
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SI Prefixes

• Prefixes are based on multiples of 10.

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Temperature

• Temperature is measured using the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and

Kelvin (absolute) temperature scales.
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Temperature Scale Conversions

o o
F = (1.8  C) + 32

o
C = ( o F -32)/1.8

o
K = C + 273.15

o
C = K - 273.15

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Numbers and Significant Figures
• Scientific notation is used to easily write very small and very
large numbers.

• Factor out powers of ten

54,000 = 5.4 10 4

0.000042 = 4.2 10  5

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Numbers and Significant Figures
• All digits reported are considered significant except for certain types
of zeros.
• When a zero establishes the decimal place, it is not significant.
• 51,300 m (3 significant figures)
• 0.043 g (2 significant figures)

• A zero is significant when it follows a decimal point or when it

occurs between other significant figures.
• 4.30 mL (3 significant figures)
• 304.2 kg (4 significant figures)

• All numbers are significant when written in correct scientific

notation.

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Example Problem 1.2
• An alloy contains 2.05% of some impurity. How many
significant figures are reported in this value?

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Numbers and Significant Figures
• For calculated values, the number of significant figures should be
consistent with the data used in the calculation.

• For multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in a

result must be the same as the number of significant figures in the
factor with the fewest significant figures.
3
0.24 kg 4621 m = 1100 kg m or 1.1 10 kg m

• For addition and subtraction, the number of significant figures are

determined from the position of the first uncertain digit.
4.882 m
+ 0.3 m
5.2 m 30
Example Problem 1.3
• Report the result for the indicated arithmetic operations using
the correct number of significant figures. Assume all values
are measurements and not exact numbers.

• 4.30  0.31

• 4.033 + 88.1

• 5.6/17.32

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Numbers and Significant Figures
• When counting discrete objects, the result has no ambiguity.
Such measurements use exact numbers. They have infinite
significant figures.

• two pennies would be 2.000000…

• Exactly defined terms, such as metric prefixes, are also

considered exact numbers.

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Concept Map

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Class Quiz
1. The number 0.032040 has ____ significant figures.

3 5 4 6 7

5. The units resulting from the operation :

{g/g.L-1} x {m/L}= ? are:

m g/L L/m L g

7. The density of a metal is calculated as follows. The weight of 57.4 grams is divided by the volume 6.2 cm 3. Using the
significant figures in this calculation, the value of the density, in g/cm3, should be reported as:

9 9.26 9.258 9.3 9.2581

8. The atomic weight of silicon is 28.0855. Round this to 3 significant figures.

28.08 28.09 28.086 28.0 28.1

10. Report the result of the following computation.

(43.221-1.6)/11.2

4 3.7 3.716 3.72 3.7162

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Class Quiz
12. The atomic weight of silicon is 28.0855. Round this to 4 significant figures.

28.08 28.09 28.0 28.1 28.086

16. How should the result be reported for the following expression?
2.000 x (110.112 + 12)

244 2.4x102 244.2 244.22 244.224

18. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.02040?

3 4 2 5 6

19. The units resulting from the following operation are:

[g/g.L-1]x[m/L]x[cm3/m]= ?

m g/L L/cm3 L/m cm3

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