Unit 5: Qualitative Research Design and Methodology
Lesson 4
Designing Instruments for
Data Collection
Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
How can we
design good
quality data
collection
instruments?
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Learning ● Plan comprehensive guides
Objective for the chosen instrument.
s ● Construct a good quality
At the end of the
lesson, you research instrument.
should be able to
do the following:
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A Celebrity Encounter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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What kinds of questions must be
avoided in an interview?
5
Designing
Interviews
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Types of Questions in Interviews
● experience and behavior
● opinion and values
● feeling
● knowledge
● sensory
● background/demographic
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Interview Guide
1. Brainstorm your research topic.
2. Organize the topics.
3. Move from general to specific
4. Apply the basic guidelines in writing
questions.
5. Familiarize yourself with the interview
guide.
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Tip
Consider revising your interview
guide after each interview
that you have conducted to
improve the quality of your
research questions for the
succeeding respondents.
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Key Skills for Successful Interviewing
● Encourage the participant to speak.
● Learn when not to talk.
● Be comfortable with silence.
● Do not trivialize responses.
● Do not dominate.
● Show interest.
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Remember
Your skills as an interviewer have
a significant impact on the quality
of data you will gather.
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Planning Focus
Group
Discussions
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Selecting Participants
1. Recruit an existing group.
2. Select individuals who do not know each
other but have similar experiences about
a certain situation.
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Tip
Try over-recruiting your
participants to ensure that the target
number of participants will still be
met.
14
Establishing Group Rules
● facilitator must discuss the purpose of
the focus group discussion
● seek for the participants’ consent
● do not force the participants to talk
about something they are uncomfortable
with
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Why is it important to seek for
the participant’s consent in
focus group discussions?
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The Role of the Group
Facilitator
1. asking questions
2. seeking responses
3. wrapping up the focus group
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Conducting
Observations
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What to Observe
● The physical setting
● The participants
● Activities and
interactions
● Conversation
● Subtle factors
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Recording Observations
Narrative Using Devices
Recording
● researcher’s own ● videotape or audio
words recording
● brief notes ● convenient
● can watch or play
● biased
several times
● miss out important
● participant might
details feel uncomfortable
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Constructing
Questionnaires
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Guidelines in Formulating
Questions
● Avoid using complex words.
● Do not ask ambiguous questions.
● Avoid asking double-barrelled questions.
● Do not ask leading questions.
● Avoid asking questions that imply
presumptions.
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How can we transform our
questions using “simpler”
words?
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Topic:
A. General topic 1
a. (Specific topic 1)
b. (Specific topic 2)
c. (Specific topic 3)
A. General topic 1
a. (Specific topic 1)
b. (Specific topic 2)
c. (Specific topic 3)
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Quick Check
1. What are the two options in selecting
participants for focus group discussions?
2. What type of error in formulating
questions is present in this question: Is
the product durable and affordable?
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Quick Check
The researcher tries to balance out the
participants who are responding too much
and those who are hesitating to express
themselves freely. What instrument for
data collection is being designed?
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Wrap Up
The different types of questions that may
be asked in interviews are
experience/behavior, opinion/values,
feeling, knowledge, sensory, and
background/demographic.
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Wrap Up
In focus group discussions, It is
important to plan ahead the selection of
the participants, establishing group
rules, and clarifying the role of the
group facilitator.
The elements needed in observations
and the different methods in recording
observations must be kept in mind.
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Wrap Up
A questionnaire is a list of questions that
the participants answer on their own.
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Wrap Up
Bibliography
Coolican, Hugh. Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. New York:
Psychology Press, 2014.
Dawson, Catherine. Practical Research Methods: A User-Friendly Guide to
Mastering Research. Oxford: How To Books, Ltd., 2002.
Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners.
London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2011.
Langdridge, Darren and Gareth Hagger-Johnson. Introduction to Research
Methods and Data Analysis in Psychology. London: Pearson Education
Limited, 2013.
Merriam, Sharan B. and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. Qualitative Research: A Guide
to Design and Implementation. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2016.
Patton, Michael Quinn. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 4th
ed. California: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2015. 31