Integrals

The Substitution Rule

The Substitution Rule
Because of the Fundamental Theorem, it’s important to be
able to find antiderivatives.

But our antidifferentiation formulas don’t tell us how to

evaluate integrals such as

To find this integral we use the problem-solving strategy of

introducing something extra. Here the “something extra” is
a new variable; we change from the variable x to a new
variable u.
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The Substitution Rule
Suppose that we let u be the quantity under the root sign in

, u = 1 + x2. Then the differential of u is du = 2xdx.

Notice that if the dx in the notation for an integral were to

be interpreted as a differential, then the differential 2xdx
would occur in and so, formally, without justifying our
calculation, we could write

4
The Substitution Rule
But now we can check that we have the correct answer by
using the Chain Rule to differentiate the final function of
Equation 2:

In general, this method works whenever we have an

integral that we can write in the form  f (g (x)) g  (x) dx.

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The Substitution Rule
Observe that if F  = f, then
F (g (x)) g (x) dx = F (g (x)) + C
because, by the Chain Rule,

[F (g (x))] = F (g (x)) g (x)

If we make the “change of variable” or “substitution” u =

g (x), then from Equation 3 we have
F  (g (x)) g  (x) dx = F (g (x)) + C = F (u) + C = F (u) du
or, writing F = f, we get

f (g (x)) g  (x) dx = f (u) du

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The Substitution Rule
Thus we have proved the following rule.

Notice that the Substitution Rule for integration was proved

using the Chain Rule for differentiation.

Notice also that if u = g (x), then du = g (x) dx, so a way to

remember the Substitution Rule is to think of dx and du in

as differentials.
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The Substitution Rule
Thus the Substitution Rule says: It is permissible to
operate with dx and du after integral signs as if they
were differentials.

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Example 1
Find  x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx.

Solution:
We make the substitution u = x4 + 2 because its differential
is du = 4x3 dx, which, apart from the constant factor 4,
occurs in the integral.

Thus, using x3 dx = du and the Substitution Rule, we have

x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx = cos u  du

= cos u du
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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

= sin u + C

= sin(x4 + 2) + C

Notice that at the final stage we had to return to the original

variable x.

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Definite Integrals

11
Definite Integrals
When evaluating a definite integral by substitution, two
methods are possible. One method is to evaluate the
indefinite integral first and then use the Fundamental
Theorem.

For example,

Another method, which is usually preferable, is to change

the limits of integration when the variable is changed. 12
Definite Integrals

13
Example 7
Evaluate using .

Solution:
Let u = 2x + 1. Then du = 2 dx, so dx = du.

To find the new limits of integration we note that

when x = 0, u = 2(0) + 1 = 1

and

when x = 4, u = 2(4) + 1 = 9

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Example 7 – Solution t’d

Therefore

Observe that when using we do not return to the variable

x after integrating. We simply evaluate the expression in u
between the appropriate values of u.
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Example

16
Example

17
Exercises

18
 TECHNIQUES OF
INTEGRATION

In this chapter we develop techniques for using these basic integration

formulas to obtain indefinite integrals of more complicated functions.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

.formula for integration by parts

u dv u v  v du

Example Example

Find  x sin x
x
x e dx Find dx

u x dv e x dx u x dv sin xdx
du dx v e x du dx v  cos x

  dx
x x x
x e dx  xe  e
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

u dv u v  v du
.formula for integration by parts

REMARK1: aim in using integration by parts is to obtain a simpler integral

than the one we started with.

REMARK2: How to choose u and dv to obtain simpler integral

Example
u ln x dv dx
du  1x dx v x
Find ln( x)dx
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
u dv u v  v du
Example
REMARK2: in some integral, we
 e dt
2 t
Find t may need to apply integration by
parts many times.

u t 2 dv e t dt
du 2tdt v e t diff 
t2  et
t e 2te dt
2 t 2 t t
dt t e 
2t e t

u 2t dv e t dt 2  et
v e t 0  et
du 2dt
2te t
dt 2te t
  dt
2e t


2 t 2 t t t
t e dt t e  ( 2te  2 e ) C
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Example
REMARK2: in some integral, we
 e dt
2 t
Find t may need to apply integration by
parts many times.

diff
2
 Example
t  et Find x e
3 2x
dx
2t

t
e
2 et
0
 t Example
e
 sin x dx
2
 Find x
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

.formula for integration by parts Example

 sin x dx
x
Find e
u dv u v  v du
diff 
diff 
u sin x
 ex
 dv
cos x ex
du v
 sin x

 ex

REMARK3: sometimes a repeated application of integration
by parts leads back to an integral similar to our original one.
If so, this expression can be combined with original integral.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Exam2
Term082

Exam2
Term102
 Trigonometric Integrals
Powers of sine and cosine
Functions consisting of products of the sine and
cosine can be integrated by using substitution and
trigonometric identities. These can sometimes be
tedious, but the technique is straightforward. Some
.examples will suffice to explain the approach
Example
Example
Exercises
Trigonometric Substitution
Example
Example
Example
Exercises
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Exercises: find the partial fractions decomposition
and
.an antiderivative