Climate

Change

Group members Tutor

Suresh 181 Asst. Prof Rabin Maharjan
Sushil 182 Department of Civil
Sushil P. 183 Engineering IOE, Tribhuvan
Susmita 184 University
Anshu 185
2024-02-11
Uday 186 1
Objectives of the Presentation
In this presentation, students will learn following
things

 Climate change, its causes, impacts and

mitigation measures.

 International and national efforts made to

mitigate impacts of climate change.

 Use of renewable energy sourcespromoting bio-

gas and organic farming.

 Ill effects of deforestation and promotion of

forestation along with importance of National
parks and Conservation area. 2
Presentation outline
1. Definition, causes, impacts

2. Mitigation measures

3. International efforts to mitigate its

problem

3
6.1 Definition
First of all you should know weather and climate are not
same thing

Weather: Climate:
• State of atmosphere at Long term pattern
• any instant of weather in a
• Short term particular
area
• Can change • Seasonal
rapidly change
• Difficult to
predict

4
6.1 Definition of climate change
Climate Change
• Climate change refers to seasonal changes
over a
long period of time.

• Besides natural causes, competition for

economic growth and development,
industrial revolution and technological
advancement and most of all population
growth is the genesis of climate change.
5
Causes of climate change

Natural causes Artificial causes

1. Volcanic eruptions 1. Human

activities
2. Wind and Ocean
current 2. Emission of
greenhouse
3. Earth orbital changes gases

4. Forest fire

5. Impacts of
larger
6
meteors
 Natural causes
• Volcanic eruption
releases greenhouse
gases, ashes & dust
which are responsible
for the global warming
and climate change.
• O as conveyor belt
c to
transport
e heat
a and
precipitationfrom
n
equator
to poles of the Earth
a
which thus affects the 7
Natural causes contd.

• Meteor send millions of

tons of debris into
atmosphere which
blocks sun’s rays and
makes cold and dark.

• It’s impact changes

the rotational
behavior of the
Earth. 8
Artificial causes
Human activities:
 Deforestation for agricultural land
 Burning of fossil fuels in factories
 Excessive use of automobiles and
 Suburbanization
 These activities havs been the highest
contributor of the greenhouse gases.

9
Greenhouse Effect working

10
Artificial causes
• The greenhouse
Emission of greenhouse
gases effect happens
when CO2, water
vapor and other
greenhouse gases
absorb the sun’s
heat which is
radiated back from
the surface of the
Earth.
• Without GH gases :
life on earth would
freeze to death.
• With excessive GH
gases : intensifies
1
greenhouse
warme effect 2
 Table: Major G.H.G. and Their Characteristics
Atm. Annual Relative Current GH Principal
concn concn GH contributio sources
increas efficienc n (%) of gas
Gas (ppm e (%) y
) (CO2=1)
Fossil
CO2 351 0.4 1 57 fuels,
deforestati
on
Foams,
aerosols,
CFCs 0.00225 5 15000 25 refrigerant
s,
solvents.
Wetlands,
rice, 12
Level of CO2 In Atmosphere
The time series below shows global
distribution and
variation of the concentration of mid-
tropospheric carbon dioxide in parts per
million (ppm).

13
Effects of Climate Change

 Global Warming

• The major effect of climate change is global

warming so climate change is often referred to
as “global warming”.

• Global warming is the gradual increase in

temperature generally attributed to
greenhouse effect.

14
Effects of Global Warming
• Global Temperature Rise And Warming Ocean

• Rise of Sea Level And Flooding of Coastal regions

• Melting Down of Himalayan Snow, Polar

Icebergs & Glacier

• Arctic Sea Ice Loss

• Extreme Events and low crop production

• Acid Rain And Ocean Acidification by

Greenhouse gases

• Migration of Population Centers

1
6
 Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Avg temp of Earth has
increased by about 1.1ºC
since 193.2
th century and may

warm up mm/ by 4ºC within 83

yrs. yr
• As much of the heat is
absorbed by ocean, its
0.302ºF
top 700m since
shows temp
1969.
rise of
• Global sea level rose
about 8 inches in last
century.
• Rate is higher in the past
two decades
• Coastal areas and low
16
lying islands are in
 Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Glacial retreat is
observed
in Himalayas, Alps,
Andes, Rockies, Alaska
and Africa.

• Threatening by glacial
lake outburst flood
• Extent and thickness of which can be
Arctic catastrophic to lives.
sea has decreased.
• Greenland lost 150 to
250 km3 of ice per year
between 2002 & 2006.
• Antarctic lost about 17
152km3 of ice between
Melting of Ice

18
 REfafiencftaslopfagttloerbnaltrweanrdmoifnRg acuotnathda.t
District
weather patterns such
as droughts, short but
intense
rainfall, floods &
hurricanes
are observed.

• This extreme
problems events
in crop
yield.
cause
• After industrial revolution • Desertification can
acidity of surface ocean also
waters has with
increased occur.
• GHs mixes the by
ocean
30%.
water or rain and • Higher rate of
acidifies ocean. Evapotranspiration
• Amount of by
CO2 during droughts . 2
increasing 2 in
billion 0
Effects of Global Warming Contd.
• Due to climate change
animals, plants or
habitat are in threat
of extinction. So, they
either become extinct
or migrate to
favorable environment
for better survival.
• As Earth warms,
microbes & insects
migrate as well
which accompanies
tropical diseases
like malaria,
dengue, West Nile 2
1
Advantages of Climate Change

• Climate change would cause increase in winter

temperature which economizes heating cost in
winter and decreases expenses in health care
cost during cold.

• Creation of job opportunities and research field.

• Arctic, Siberian and other frozen regions may

experience more plant growth and milder
climates. This regions can also be habitable for
men.

• Next ice age may be prevented from occurring.

21
• Longer growing seasons could mean
 Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change

•Climate Change Mitigation refers to actions for

reducing the sources or enhancing the sinks of
GHGs.

•Goal of climate change mitigation :

 To stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas
concentrations at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.

22
 Carbon production 2016

Why
Mitigation
?

24
 Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change

Carbon Energy Internation

Capture Sources al
Agreemen
ts

24
Mitigation Measures Of Climate Change
Carbon Capture
Tree plantation
Trees , young and fast growing ones, soak up a
great deal of co2 storing in new woods.

A single
tree can
absorb
CO2 at a
rate of 48
lb. per
year.

25
Overview of Carbon Capture and Storage
(CCS)
What is CCS?
•A mitigation technology in which CO2 is captured,
channeled and stored permanently in a geological
formation to prevent it from reaching the
atmosphere.
The CCS Chain
Capture
 Pre-combustion capture
 Post-combustion capture
 Oxy-fuel combustion capture
Transport
 Storage
26
2) Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

Capture
CO2

Transportati
on

Injection
into wells
27
CCS PROCESS
The image part with relationship ID rId3 w as not f ound in the
file.

29
 2) Ocean Sequestration

Dissolving CO2 at mid

depths

Inserting liquid CO2 at depth>3km

so that liquid CO2 is densier than
sea water.

Salah CO2 injection, Algeria

Examples of Slipner , Snehvit CO2
CCS injection ,Norway
Midale project ,
Canada 29
 Some key points:-
• CCS helps in slowing down the increase
of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

•This is a proven technology used by oil

and gas industries for many years.

•However , this a new concept and not

accepted by most laws and regulations .
Favourable laws and regulations support its
commercialization.

•It invokes “moral hazard” dilemma as it

does not address efficiency and root 30
 B) Energy Sources
1)Shift from high CO2 releasing fuel to less CO2
releasing fuel .Example biodiesel (from vegetable
oils),ethanol (a plant-based gasoline additive).

2) Use of natural gas than oil which produce less

CO2.

3) Newer technology for coal burning power

4) Switching away from fossils fuel energy
plants .
sources.
5) Development of alternative sources of energy
like solar power , wind power ,hydrogen fuel
cells .
31
6) Use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) , emitting
less co2 than conventional automobiles .

32
 C) International Agreements

• International cooperation for reduction of

greenhouse gases .

• Economic development in sustainable manner .

• Promulgation of International laws regarding

climate and sustainable manufacturing and 33
Selected examples of key sectoral mitigation
technologies
Sector Key mitigation technologies
.
Renewable heat and power
Energy (hydropower, solar, wind,
geothermal and bioenergy), CHP,
CCS, advanced nuclear power.

Transport More fuel efficient vehicles, hybrid

vehicles, cleaner diesel
vehicles, bio fuels.
Industry CCS, heat and power recovery.
Efficient lighting and daylighting,
Building efficient electrical appliances and
heating and cooling devices, solar
design.
Livestock and manure
management to reduce CH4
Agriculture emissions, improved fertilizer
3. International Efforts to mitigate its
Problems
[Link] Nations Framework Convention of
Climate Change

2. The Kyoto Protocol

3. Cancun Adaptation Framework

4. The Green Climate Fund

5. The Adaptation Fund

3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18 Doha (2012)

and COP 19 Warsaw (2013)
35
3.1 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
1. What is the overall goal?
To protect the climate system for the
benefit of present and future
generations of mankind.

2. What are the further objectives?

To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.

3.A global legal instrument (international

agreement) on the control and management
of greenhouse gases (GHG). 36
 3.1 United Nations Framework
Convention of Climate
Change
[Link] in 1992, entered into force in 21st
march 1994.
Status of participation: 196
countires Affiliated instruments:
Kyoto Protocol and more

5. Works
 Through annual conferences of parties
(COP) the convention has established
measures to address issus of climate
change.
 It provides varieties of support
mechanisms including provision of 37
funding, insurance and technology
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol
1. Negotiated in December 1997 at the city of
Kyoto, Japan and came into force February
16th, 2005.

2. Bringing UNFCCC into action with Individual

goals for each country

3. Commited developed countries to reduce

GHG emissions by 5.2% by 2012 compared
to 1990. Note: Compared to the emissions
levels that would be expected by 2010
without the Protocol, this target represents
a 29% cut.

4. The goal is to lower emissions of six

4
greenhouse gases - CO , CH , N O, PFCs, 0
 1st 2008-
implementation:
2012

2nd 1013-
implementation:
2020

Fig.2 Increased and Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990

baseline)
4
1
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)
5. Mechanisms to help countries to
reach their commitments
> ETS - Emissions Trading System
> CDM - Clean Development Mechanism
> JI - Join Implementation

Mechanisms Overview:

1. ETS - Emissions Trading System

 Can be used supplementary actions to
meet reduction commitments.
 One AAU (Assigned Amount Units)
represents the tradable unit.
40
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)

2. CDM - Clean Development Mechanism

 Allows public or private entities to
invest in greenhouse gas (GHG)
mitigating activities in developing
countries.

3. JI - Joint Implementation
 Emission reduction projects implemented
jointly between developed countries and
transition economies.

41
 3.2 The Kyoto Protocol (Contd.)

Limitations of CO2
emissions in developed
countries

4 options for companies

1. Pay expensive 2. 3. Buy 4. Carry out
fines. out
Carry carbon emissions carbon reduction
reduction credits on the through
through CO2 market technology
processes (ETS). transfers in CDM
improvement. or JI project.

Source: ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto 4

4
3.2 The Kyoto Protocol Sectors:
1. Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG)
 Fuel combustion (energy
production, manufacturing,
transport, etc.)

2. Industrial processes (5 to 36% of

total GHG)
 Production (metal production, mineral
products, chemical industry etc.)

3. Waste management (primarily CH4)

 Solid waste disposal on land,
incineration, wastewater handling
etc.

4. Land use (0.3 to 9% of total GHG) 4

5
3.3 Cancun Adaptation Framework
1. The COP 16 established the Cancun
Adaptation Framework −Adaptation to be
addressed with the same level of priority
as mitigation

2. Principles:

 Follow a country-driven, gender-

sensitive participatory and fully
transparent approach
 Based on and guided by the best available
science and, as appropriate, traditional and
indigenous knowledge
 Integrate adaptation into relevant social,
economic and environmental policies and 4
actions 7
 CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea
level continue to rise long after emissions
are
Fig.3 Long reduced
term effect of CO2 concentration
4
Source: ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto 8
3.3 Cancun Adaptation Framework
(contd.)
3. Key goals include

 Enhance action on adaptation through

international cooperation and coherent
consideration of matters relating to
adaptation
 Planning, prioritizing and implementing
adaptation plans like National Adaptation
Programme of Action (NAPA)
 Building reliance of socioeconomies and
ecological systems in most vulnerable i.e.
developing countries
 Enhance climate change related
disaster risk reduction strategies
4
9
Fig.4: Nepal and NAPA
Source : [Link], Nepal holds cabinate meeting at Mt. Everest, Dec.n 5
4 2009: [Link], NAPA launched, Nov 4, d 0
3.4 The Green Climate Fund
1. Objective: Paradigm shift towards low-
emission and climate-resilient
development pathways by providing
support to developing countries to limit or
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
and to adapt to the impacts of climate
change.

2. Established at Cancun agreement COP 16 in

2010 and made operational at COP17 in
Durban 2011

3. It prioritizes financing mechanisms by

which the developed countries can
support projects (CDM), programmes, 48
policies and other activities related to
3.4 The Green Climate Fund

4. It includes:

 The Adaptation Fund

 The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust
Fund
 The GEF managed Least Developed
Countries Fund (LDCF)
 The GEF managed Special Climate Change
Fund (SCCF)

49
 3.5 The Green Climate Fund

Fig.5 Clean sources of Energy

5
Source: Presentation on Private Sector 3
3.5 The Adaptation
Fund
1. Set up under the of the Green Climate
Fund of UNFCCC

2. Goal: To address the unequal positions

between the developed and the
developing countries by supporting the
adaptation programmes and projects in
developing countries

3. Financed from Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) project activities and
other sources of funding. Primarily the
donations come from developed
countries
5
4. Operational procedures development 2008- 4
3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18
Doha (2012) and COP 19 Warsaw
(2013)…COP 23 Bonn (2017)

1. It addressed climate change in

developing countries require building
low-carbon society to support
sustainable development based on
innovative.

2. Discussion on deadlock on agriculture

including how to improve soil fertility,
creation of better livestock management
systems.

3. COP established the Warsaw International

Mechanism for Loss and Damage 52
3.6 COP 17 Durban (2011), COP 18
Doha (2012) and COP 19 Warsaw
(2013))…COP 23 Bonn (2017)

4. The Loss and Damage Mechanism will:

 Facilitate support of actions to address

loss and damage
 Improve coordination of the relevant
work of existing bodies under the
Convention
 Convene meetings of relevant
experts and stakeholders
 Promote the development of, and
compile, analyse, synthesize and
review information
 Provide technical guidance and 53