Understanding Ways
To Collect Data
Research Design, Instruments, Sample Data Collection, and Analysis Procedures
Jonel Cajote Nori John Gamil Yori Luar Jenmar Lago Rose Angela Allado
11- STEM (2024-2025)
Competencies:
• Research Design & Methodology: Ability to design and implement appropriate research
methodologies, selecting suitable qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods approaches
based on research objectives.
• Data Collection Techniques: Proficiency in employing various data collection methods
(e.g., surveys, interviews, observations) and ensuring data quality and integrity.
• Data Analysis & Interpretation: Skill in analyzing collected data using appropriate
techniques (qualitative and/or quantitative) and accurately interpreting findings to draw
valid conclusions.
• Research Report Writing: Ability to clearly and effectively communicate research findings
in a well-structured and properly formatted report, adhering to academic standards.
What is Data Collection?
Data collection is a critical step in the research process where
information is gathered to address research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. It involves systematically
obtaining data from various sources using different methods
and instruments.
How Important is Data Collection in Research?
-No data, no research:
You can’t test ideas, analyze trends, or draw conclusions without
concrete information
- Quality matters:
If the data is inaccurate or inconsistent, your findings will be
unreliable
- Data guides decisions:
We need accurate data to understand problems and develop
solutions.
- Data unlocks new insights:
Collecting data allows us to see patterns and trends that we
wouldn’t notice otherwise. This can lead to exciting new
discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the world.
Steps in Collecting
Data in a
Qualitative Research
• Define the Research Questions and Objectives
• Clearly articulate the research questions and objectives to guide the
study.
•Select the Research Design
• Choose a suitable qualitative research design (e.g., case study,
phenomenology, grounded theory).
•Identify the Sample
• -Determine the target population and select a sample that represents it.
• -Use non-probability sampling techniques like purposive sampling.
• Recruit Participants
• Approach potential participants and provide them with information about
the study.
• Obtain informed consent from participants.
• Collect Data
• Interviews: Conduct in-depth, semi-structured, or unstructured interviews.
• Observations: Observe participants in their natural settings.
• Transcribe and Organize Data
• Transcribe audio or video recordings verbatim to create textual data.
• Analyze Data
• Use qualitative data analysis techniques such as coding or thematic
analysis.
• Report Findings
• Present the findings in a clear and coherent manner, using rich
descriptions and direct quotes from participants
•Develop Data Collection Instruments
• Create tools such as interview guides or observation checklists.
•Obtain Ethical Approval
• Ensure that all ethical considerations are addressed, including informed
consent and confidentiality.
Steps in Collecting
Data in a
Quantitative Research
•Define the Research Problem and Objectives
•Clearly articulate the research problem and objectives to guide the
study.
•Formulate specific, testable hypotheses.
•Select the Research Design
•Choose an appropriate quantitative research design (e.g., descriptive,
correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental).
•Pilot Testing
•Conduct a pilot test of the data collection instruments to identify any issues.
•Revise the instruments based on feedback from the pilot test.
•Collect Data
•Administer the data collection instruments to the selected sample.
•Ensure consistent and accurate data collection procedures.
•Examples:
•Surveys: Distribute questionnaires to participants and collect responses.
•Experiments: Administer treatments and measure outcomes according to the
experimental design.
•Analyze Data
•Use statistical software to analyze the data.
•Perform descriptive and inferential statistical analyses to test hypotheses and
draw conclusions.
•Interpret and Report Findings
•Interpret the results in the context of the research objectives and hypotheses.
•Present the findings clearly, using tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate key
points.
•Develop Data Collection Instruments
•Create or select instruments like questionnaires, surveys, or measurement tools.
•Record and Store Data
•Enter the collected data into a database or spreadsheet.
•Ensure data is stored securely and is easily retrievable for analysis.
•Identify the Population and Sample
•Determine the target population and define the sampling frame.
•Select a sampling method (e.g., random sampling, stratified
sampling) to ensure the sample is representative.
•Obtain Ethical Approval
•Submit the research proposal to an ethics review board if required.
Data Analysis
Procedure Qualitative
Research
•Coding
•Description: Coding is the process of categorizing and labeling segments of
textual data to identify patterns and themes.
•Steps:
[Link]: Read and re-read the data to become deeply familiar with
it.
[Link] Coding: Assign codes to meaningful segments of data (e.g.,
sentences or paragraphs).
[Link] Coding: Identify relationships between codes and group them into
categories.
[Link] Coding: Refine and consolidate categories to develop core
themes.
[Link]: Analyze the themes to draw insights and understandings.
•Thematic Analysis
•Description: Thematic analysis involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting
patterns (themes) within the data.
•Steps:
[Link]: Read and re-read the data to immerse yourself in it.
[Link] Initial Codes: Systematically code interesting features of the
data.
[Link] for Themes: Collate codes into potential themes and gather all
relevant data for each theme.
[Link] Themes: Check if the themes work in relation to the coded
extracts and the entire data set.
[Link] and Naming Themes: Refine the specifics of each theme and
generate clear definitions and names for each.
[Link] the Report: Produce a final report that tells the story of the data in a
coherent and persuasive manner.
• Statistical Analysis
• Description: Statistical analysis involves using mathematical techniques
to summarize, describe, and infer data patterns.
• Types:
• Descriptive Statistics: Summarize and describe the main features of a dataset
(e.g., mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
• Inferential Statistics: Make inferences about a population based on a sample
(e.g., t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis).
• Steps:
• Data Preparation: Clean and organize the data for analysis.
• Descriptive Statistics: Calculate measures of central tendency and dispersion.
• Inferential Statistics: Conduct tests to evaluate hypotheses and determine
relationships between variables.
• Interpretation: Interpret the results in the context of the research questions
and objectives.
Data Analysis
Procedure
Quantitative
Research
• Statistical Analysis
• Description: Statistical analysis involves using mathematical
techniques to summarize, describe, and infer data patterns.
• Types:
• Descriptive Statistics: Summarize and describe the main features of a dataset
(e.g., mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
• Inferential Statistics: Make inferences about a population based on a sample
(e.g., t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis).
• Steps:
• Data Preparation: Clean and organize the data for analysis.
• Descriptive Statistics: Calculate measures of central tendency and dispersion.
• Inferential Statistics: Conduct tests to evaluate hypotheses and determine
relationships between variables.
• Interpretation: Interpret the results in the context of the research questions
and objectives.
• Hypothesis Testing
• Description: Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make
decisions about the validity of a hypothesis based on sample data.
• Steps:
• Formulate Hypotheses: Define the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative
hypothesis (H1).
• Select Significance Level: Choose a significance level (alpha), commonly set at
0.05.
• Collect Data: Gather data through experiments, surveys, or other means.
• Conduct Statistical Test: Use an appropriate statistical test (e.g., t-test, chi-square
test) to analyze the data.
• Calculate P-Value: Determine the probability of observing the data if the null
hypothesis is true.
• Make Decision: Compare the p-value to the significance level to decide whether
to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• Interpret Results: Draw conclusions based on the results and their implications
for the research question.
• Hypothesis Testing
• Description: Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make
decisions about the validity of a hypothesis based on sample data.
• Steps:
• Formulate Hypotheses: Define the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative
hypothesis (H1).
• Select Significance Level: Choose a significance level (alpha), commonly set at
0.05.
• Collect Data: Gather data through experiments, surveys, or other means.
• Conduct Statistical Test: Use an appropriate statistical test (e.g., t-test, chi-
square test) to analyze the data.
• Calculate P-Value: Determine the probability of observing the data if the null
hypothesis is true.
• Make Decision: Compare the p-value to the significance level to decide whether
to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• Interpret Results: Draw conclusions based on the results and their implications
for the research question.
Instruments for Collecting Data in a
Qualitative Research:
1. Interviews: Conducted one-on-one or in focus groups, these can be
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
[Link]: Recording behaviors and events in their natural
settings.
[Link]-ended Surveys: Allowing respondents to provide detailed
answers.
[Link] Analysis: Reviewing existing documents like reports,
emails, or diaries.
[Link] Studies: In-depth examination of a single subject or group.
Instruments for Collecting Data in a
Quantitative Research:
1. Structured Surveys/Questionnaires: Close-ended questions with
predefined responses.
2. Experiments: Controlled studies to establish cause and effect.
3. Secondary Data Analysis: Using existing data like census data or
statistics.
4. Content Analysis: Quantifying patterns in communication.
5. Observational Checklists: Systematic recording of specific behaviors
or events.
THANK
YOU