Promoting self esteem
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INTRODUCTION:
McKay and Fainning (2000) described self-esteem as an
emotional sine qua non, a component that is essential for
psychological survival. The awareness of self i.e., (the
ability to form an identity and then attach a value to it) is
an important differentiating factor between human and
other animals
DEFINITION:
Self esteem refers to the degree of regard or respect that
individuals have for themselves and is a measure of
worth that they place on their abilities and judgments -
WARREN
Warren (1991) states:
Self-esteem breaks down into two components:
(1) the ability to say that "I am important," "I
matter," and
(2) the ability to say "I am competent," "I have
something to offer to others and the world."
SELF-CONCEPT
Self concept is the cognitive or thinking
component of the self, and generally refers
to the totality of a complex, organized and
dynamic system and opinions that each
person holds to be true about his or of
learned beliefs , attitude her personal
existence -HUITT
COMPONENTS OF SELF-ESTEEM
Physical self or body
Personal identity
image
•PHYSICAL SELF or BODY IMAGE
An individual’s body image is a subjective
perception of one’s perception of one’s
physical appearance based on self-
evaluation and on reactions and feedback
from others. Body image is the mental
picture a person has of his or her own body.
PERSONAL IDENTITY
This component of the self –concept is composed of
MORAL SELF
ETHICAL SELF CONSISTENCY
SELF
IDEAS/SELF
EXPECTANCY
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM
From a review of personality theorists, COPPER SMITH
identified the following conditions of positive self-esteem
POWER
SIGNIFICANCE
VIRTUE
COMPETENCE
CONSISTENTLY SET LIMITS
MANIFESTATIONS OF
LOW SELF ESTEEM
Overeating
Constipation or diarrhea
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or difficulty falling or
staying asleep)
Hypersomnia
Complaints of fatigue
Poor posture
Withdrawal from activities
Difficulty initiating new activities
Loss of appetite
Decreased libido
Decrease in spontaneous behavior
Expression of sadness, anxiety, or discouragement
Expression of feeling of isolation, being unlovable,
unable to express or defend oneself, and too weak to
confront or overcome difficulties
Fearful of angering others
Tendency to stay in background
Sensitivity to criticism; self-conscious
Expression of feelings of helplessness
MANIFESTATION OF LOW SELF
ESTEEM
Individuals with low-self-esteem perceive themselves to be
incompetent,unloveable ,insecure and unworthy
FOCAL STIMULI
CONTEXTUAL STIMULI
RESIDUAL STIMULI
FOCAL STIMULI
A focal stimuli is the immediate concern that is causing the threat to self
–esteem and the stimulus that is engendering the current behavior
EXAMPLE
loss of employement
failure relationship
CONTEXTUAL STIMULI
Are all of the other stimuli present in the person’s Environment that
contribute to the behaviour being caused by the focul stimulus
EXAMPLES; Child of the relationship becoming emotionally disable in
response to the divorce
RESIDUAL STIMULI
Residual stimuli are factors that may influencein one’s maladaptive
behaviour in response to focal and contextual stimuli
BOUNDARIES
Boundaries are sometimes referred to as limits ,the limit or degree to
which individuals feel comfortable in a relationship .Boundaries define
and differentiate an individual’s physical and psychological space from
the physical and psychological space of others.
Boundaries help individuals define the self and are Part of the individual
process
PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
PSYCHOLOGICAL
BOUNDARIES
BOUNDARY PLIANCY
Boundaries can be rigid ,flexible or enmeshed. The behavior of dogs and
cats can be a good illustration of rigid boundaries and flexible
boundaries.
Rigid Boundaries
Individual who have rigid boundaries often have a hardtime trusting
others. They keep others at a distance, and are difficult to communicate
with. They reject new ideas or experiences, and often withdraw, both
emotionally and physically.
Flexible Boundaries
Healthy boundaries are flexible. That is, individuals must be able to let
go of their boundaries and limits when appropriate. In order to have
flexible boundaries, one must be aware of who is considered safe and
when it is safe to let others invade our personal space.
Enmeshed Boundaries
Enmeshed boundaries occur when two people’s boundaries are so
blended together that neither can be sure where one stops and the
other begins, or one individual’s boundaries may be blurred with
another’s. The individual with the enmeshed boundaries may be unable
to differentiate his or her feelings, wants, and needs from the other
person’s.
ROLE OF NURSE IN PROMOTING DELF
ESTEEM
Involving of preparing family members are essential strategies to build
an emotional support basis.
Family members also have to try to find a solution ,give support be
present and motivate .
They also help with self-esteem and autonomy
Should discussed difficulties in promoting participation and involvement
of support networks in the care processes of These individuals
Nurses extended the discussion on awareness and preparation of the
family to participate in providing care and motivating patients
The professionals have to work together ,following the sameline .Discuss
,plan and find the best solutions
Nurse has to have autonomy to guide,stimulate ,try to understand the
patient’s context
Mistakes can be minimized when professional conduct and practice is
maintained
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Chronic low self esteem
RELATED TO: Lack of affection/ Approval,repeated failures,repeated
negative Reinforcement
EVIDENCED BY; Exaggerates negative feedback About self and expressions
of shame and guilt, Dependent on other opionions
RISK FOR SUITATIONAL LOW SELF
ESTEEM
RISK FACTORS
Developmental changes, functional
Impairment ,disturbed body image , loss,
history Of abuse or neglect ,unrealistic
self-expectations, Physical illness failures ,
rejection