Session-5
Application Layer
Protocols
Session delivered by:
Dr. Jyothi A P
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Session Objectives
• To understand the working of application layer and its protocols
• To study DNS and FTP in detail
• To discuss TELNET
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Session Topics
• Application layer
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• TELNET
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Application layer
The application layer enables the users to access the network
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Application layer
• The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access
the network.
• It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail,
remote file access and transfer, and access to the World Wide Web.
• It receives services from the transport layer and provides services to users.
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Domain Name System (DNS)
• The IP addresses uniquely identify the connection of a host to the Internet,
however, people generally prefer to use names instead of numeric addresses
because they are easier to remember and work with
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers,
services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.
• Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as
[Link] (IPv4) or 20ab:db00:2a68::855:ab7:af66:af5 (IPv6)
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Name Space
• The names assigned to machines must be unique because the
addresses are unique.
• A name space that maps each address to a unique name can be
organized in two ways:
• Flat: A name is assigned to an address. In this case, the name is a sequence of
characters without structure
• Hierarchical: Here, each name is made of several parts. The first part can
define nature of the organization, the second part can define the name of the
organization while the third part can define departments in the organization
and so on
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Domain Name Space
• The domain name space is hierarchical in design. The names
are defined in an inverted-tree structure with the root at the
top. The tree can have 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127
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Domain Names and Labels
• Label:
• Each node in the tree has a
label. It is a string with a
maximum 63 characters
• Root label is a null string
• Children of a node ( nodes
that branch from the same
node)
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Domain Names and Labels
• Each node in the tree has a domain name
• Full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots (.).
• Domain names are always read from the node up to the root
• The last label is the label of the root (null)
• Therefore, a full domain name always ends in a null label, which means the
last character is a dot
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• File transfer Protocol(FTP) is a TCP/IP client-server application for copying
files from one host to another.
• FTP requires two connections for data transfer: a control connection and a
data connection.
• Two systems may use different file name conventions and may have
different directory structures
• FTP employs American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
for communication between dissimilar systems.
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• There are three types of file transfer:
• A file is copied from the server to the client.
• A file is copied from the client to the server.
• A list of directories or file names is sent from the server to the client.
• FTP uses the services of TCP. It needs two TCP connections. The well-known port
21 is used for the control connection, and the well-known port 20 is used for the
data connection
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• When a user starts FTP session a control connection opens. While the control connection is open,
the data connection can be opened and closed multiple times if several files are transferred.
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Using Control Connection
• Server issues a passive open on well – known port 21
and waits for the client
• Client uses dynamic port and issues and active open
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Using Data Connection
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File Transfer
• The FTP client and server may use different operating systems, character
sets, file structures and file formats.
• FTP must make this heterogeneity compatible by using ASCII or Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
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File Transfer Protocol
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Example
Figure (next slide) shows an example of how a file is stored.
1. The control connection is created, and several control
commands and responses are exchanged.
2. Data are transferred record by record.
3. A few commands and responses are exchanged to close the
connection.
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Example
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TELNET
•TELNET stands for Telecommunication Network is a network
protocol used on the internet and Local Area Network (LAN )
connection
•TELNET is a general-purpose client-server application program.
•TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote
system in such a way that the local terminal appears to be a
terminal at the remote system.
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Local login
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Remote login
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Security Issue
TELNET suffers from security problems. TELNET
requires a login name and password (when exchanging
text).
A computer connected to a broadcast LAN can easily
eavesdrop using snooper software to capture a login name
and the corresponding password (even if it is encrypted).
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Summary
• The application layer enables the users to access the network
• It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail,
remote file access and transfer, and access to the World Wide Web
• DNS can use the services of UDP or TCP, using the well-known port 53
• File transfer Protocol (FTP) is a TCP/IP client-server application for copying files
from one host to another
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Summary
• TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way
that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system
• TELNET suffers from security problems. TELNET requires a login name and password
(when exchanging text)
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References
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 2nd edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2000
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007
• [Link]
• Gonzalo Camarillo and Miguel A. Garcia-Martin, The 3G IP Multimedia
Subsystem, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,2006
• TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview, IBM Redbooks, August 2001
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