Data Visualisation:
Tabulation and Graphical
Presentation
Dr. Surendra Singh Jatav
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
BBAU, Lucknow
Tabulation
• Tabulation is a systematic and logical representation of numeric data
in rows and columns to facilitate comparison and statistical analysis. It
facilitates comparison by bringing related information close to each
other and helps in statistical analysis and interpretation.
Objectives of tabulation
• To give identity to the statistical data
• To avoid repetition of details
• To arrange data in a logical order
• To make calculation very easy
• To detect errors and omissions in the data
• To clarify the characteristics of data.
Rules for tabulation
• The title should be clear and complete. It should be given at the top
of the table. It should convey the content of the table.
• Table should be simple and easy to understand
• The table should suit the size of the paper
• The table should be attractive to draw the attention of readers.
• Abbreviations should be avoided especially in title heading in tables.
Parts of a Table
• Title- a complete title should be given at the top of the table
• Stub- consists of the stub-head and stub-entry
• Caption- consists of one or more column heads
• Body- numerical information
• Headnote- statement below the title which clarified the content.
• Footnote-
• Source-note-
Parts of a Table
Stub head Caption
Stub entries Column head Column head
Body
Footnote; source note
Classification of Table based on
Extent of Coverage
• Simple Table
• Complex Table: two way and three way table
Nature of Simple Table
Sections Number of Students
A 40
B 25
C 37
D 48
Total 150
Two-way Table
Sections Number of Students Total
Morning shift Evening
shift
A 12 28 40
B 17 8 25
C 25 12 37
D 28 20 48
Total 82 68 150
Three-way Table
Sections Morning Shift Evening Shift Total
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
A 6 6 12 10 18 28 16 24 40
B 10 7 17 5 3 8 15 10 25
C 12 13 25 7 5 12 19 18 37
D 15 13 28 11 9 20 26 22 48
Total 43 39 82 33 35 68 76 74 150
Diagrammatic Presentation of
Data
• Diagram is an ideal method of presenting statistical data in visual
form.
• By diagram we mean the pictorial representation of the quantitative
information with a view to make them easily and readily
understandable.
Rules for drawing a diagram
• The objective of drawing a diagram should be rigidly defined.
• A diagram should be simple as simple as possible.
• A diagram should be neat, clear and attractive.
• Each diagram should have a suitable title
• Diagram should have footnote as well as source note.
Types of diagram
• Line diagram
• Bar Diagram
• Pie Diagram
• Pictogram
• Cartogram
Simple Line Diagram
Line diagram Multiple Line Diagram
Compound Line Diagram
Vertical Bar Diagram Bar Diagram Horizontal Bar Diagram
Grouped Bar Diagram
Pie Diagram
Pictogram
Cartogram
Measurement of Central
Tendency
• There are various measures of central tendency like mean, mode and
median.
• Among these measures, mean or average is only of the most useable
method used for the data calculation.
• According to the Sinpson and Kafka, an average or a measure of central
tendency as a typical single value around other figures congregate, or which
divides their number in half.
• Thus, by average we mean a single value, within the range of the data, used
to represent a whole series of figures involving magnitudes of the same
variable.
Types of Averages
• There are five type of averages are available in statistical analysis,
which can be divided into two categories namely mathematical
averages and positional averages.
• Further, mathematical averages are:
• (i) arithmetic mean,
• (ii) geometric mean,
• (iii) harmonic mean;
• While positional averages are:
• (i) Median
• (ii) Mode.
Arithmetic Mean
• Arithmetic mean is one of the measures of central tendency. It is a
mathematical average.
• It defined as ‘the value obtained by adding together all the items in
series and dividing the total by the number of items in that series.
• This can be written thus:
•
• In symbol,
• Where,
• Arithmetic mean of X series
• = Total of items, i.e.,
Example
• Find the average of 2, 4, 6, 8.
• Solution:
Average for discrete or
discontinuous series
• Where, Arithmetic mean of X series, = Total of the products of
individual items and frequencies of the items, and N= total
frequency.
Example
Daily wages (Rs.) 45 55 60 65 75 80 90
Number of Workers 20 10 35 30 15 12 12
𝑋=
∑ 𝑓𝑋 X f fX
𝑁 45 20 900
55 10 550
60 35 2100
65 30 1950
75 15 1125
80 20 1600
90 12 1080
N = 142
Average for Continuous Series
• Where, Arithmetic mean of X series, = Total of the products of mid-
value and frequencies of the mid-values, and N= total frequency.
Example
Marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of Students 6 12 18 12 5
Marks f m fm
0-20 6 10 60
20-40 12 30 360
40-60 18 50 900
Arithmetic mean is: 54.177
60-80 12 70 840
80-100 5 90 450
N = 51
Weighted Arithmetic Mean
• In the case of weighted arithmetic mean, weights are assigned to all the
items in a series according to their relative importance.
• The value of each item is then multiplied by its weight, products
summated and divided by the number of weights.
• The quotient is the weighted arithmetic mean.
• In symbol,
• , = Weighted arithmetic mean
• = Total of the products of weights and the variable values.
• = Total of the weights assigned to the given items.
Example
X 80 30 15 40 50
W 40 20 10 5 25
X W WX
80 40 3200
30 20 600
15 10 150
40 5 200
Weighted arithmetic mean = 54. 50 25 1250
Median
• Median, in statistics, is the middle value of the given list of data when
arranged in an order. The arrangement of data or observations can be
made either in ascending order or descending order
Example: The median of 2, 3, 4 is 3.
Median for Individual Series
• Example 3.17: calculated median from the following data:
• 80 60 70 55 95 78 46
•
• Solution: First, arrange the given data in ascending order, we get:
• 43 55 60 70 78 80 95
Median = the size of 4th item, i.e., 70
Median for Discrete series
• Daily wage (Rs) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
• No. of workers: 10 15 25 30 32 28 10
Daily wage (Rs) No. of cf
(X) workers
(f)
100 10 10
150 15 25
200 25 50
250 30 80
300 32 112 Median = the size of 75.5th item, i.e., 250
350 28 140
400 10 150
N = 150
Median for Continuous Series
• Where,
• L = lower limit of the median class
• Half of the total frequency
• Cumulative frequency value lies just above the median class
• F = Actual frequency lies on the median class
• C = Class interval of the median class
Example
• Example 3.18: calculated median from the following data:
• Marks: 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-
100
• No. of Students: 8 16 24 12 40
• Solution:
Marks f Cf
0-20 8 8
20-40 16 24
40-60 24 48
60-80 12 60
80-100 40 100
N = 100
L = 60, cf = 48, f = 12, c = 20
Substituting the values in the formula, we get
Hence, median marks are 63.33.
Mode
• In statistics, the mode is the value that is repeatedly occurring in a given
set. We can also say that the value or number in a data set, which has a
high frequency or appears more frequently, is called mode or modal
value.
• It is one of the three measures of central tendency, apart from mean and
median. For example, the mode of the set {3, 7, 8, 8, 9}, is 8.
• Therefore, for a finite number of observations, we can easily find the
mode.
• A set of values may have one mode or more than one mode or no mode
at all.
•
Example
• calculated mode wage from the following data of the daily wages of
10 workers working in a factory:
• 42 45 44 48 45 49 45 40 49 50
• Solution:
• Arranging in ascending order, we get:
• 40 42 44 45 45 45 48 49 49 50
• Z = the most frequently repeated value. In this example, we find the
value 45 occurs the maximum number of times. Hence, the model
wage is Rs. 45.
Mode for Discrete Series
• calculated mode wage from the following data of the daily wages of
10 workers working in a factory:
• X: 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
• F: 18 16 230 450 140 15 3
X F
25 18 From the given table, we find that the value 55 occurs the
35 16
maximum number of times. Hence, the model value is 55.
45 230
55 450
65 140
75 15
85 3
Mode for Continuous Series
• Where,
• Z = mode
• Lower limit of the model class
•
• i = class interval of the model class.
Example
• Find the model mark from the data given below:
• Marks: 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-
100
Marks No. of Students: 6 12 18 10
• F
0-20 4 6
20-40 12
40-60 18
60-80 10
80-100 4
N = 50
Model class = the class corresponding to the maximum frequency, i.e., 40-60
40
i = 20
Substituting the values in the formula, we get
Hence, model marks is
Relation among Mean, Median
and Mode
• Mode = 3Median – 2 Mean
• Mode = Mean – 3 (mean- median)
• Mean- Mode = 3 (mean –median)
• Mean- Median = 1/3 (Mean- Mode)
Example
If mean = 40.5 and median = 36, find mode If mode = 15, and mean = 18.2, find median
Mode = 3Median – 2 Mean Mode = 3Median – 2 Mean
Mode = (3*36) - (2*40.5) 15 = 3 median – 2 mean
Mode = 108-81 15 = 3 median- (2*18.2)
M0de = 27 15 = 3 median- 36.4
This can written as 3 median- 36.4 = 15
3 median = 36.4 + 15
3 median = 51.4
Median = 51.4/3
Median = 17.13
Comparison between Mean,
Mode and Median
Mean Median Mode
Mean is the average value that is Median is the central value of given Mode is the most repetitive value of
equal to the ration of sum of values set of values when arranged in an a given set of values.
in a data set and total number of order.
values.
Mean = sum of
observations/Number of
observations
For example, if we have set of values = 2,2,3,4,5, then;
Mean = (2+2+3+4+5)/5 = 3.2 Median = 3 Mode = 2