CHAPTER 12

Electricity
 In static electricity the
charges are at rest and
they are accumulating on
the surface of the
insulator. Whereas in
current electricity the
electrons are moving
inside the conductor.
Example 12.1
A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an electric
bulb for 10 minutes. Find the amount of electric charge
that flows through the circuit.
Flow of charges inside a wire
Define the unit of current
 Page: 200

Calculate the number of electrons

constituting one coulomb of charge.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
electric
potential and
potential
difference
Measured by an instrument
 Example 12.2
How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C across
two points
having a potential difference 12 V?
Reasons to prefer using voltage over current

Voltage control is
more linear, less
noisy and more
accurate.
 Page: 202

Name a device that helps What is meant by saying

to maintain a potential that the potential difference
difference across a between two points
conductor is 1 V?
 The amount of electricity passing through a conductor
between two points in a circuit is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points, for a particular temperature.
How does resistance change with temperature?

For small temperature

changes the resistivity
varies linearly with
temperature:

R = Ro (1 + a DT)
Manganin

Aluminum
Cupper
Derivation of
Ohm's Law
Drift velocity
10-9 s.
Derivation of Ohms’ law
How is temperature related to resistance?
Resistivity and alloys
Why is resistivity of alloys higher?
Being an alloy the ions are randomly arranged. It does
not have a specific arrangement of ions.

Due to it, the electron is scattered by them

randomly and very frequently. As a result of it, the
value of relaxation time of electron decreases and
hence resistivity increases
What is the electrical resistivity of the
material of the conductor?

The electrical resistivity of a particular conductor

material is a measure of how strongly the material
opposes the flow of electric current through it.
Electrical resistivity of some substances
 Nichrome is an alloy of
copper and nickel ,
sometimes also with iron.
It is excellent material for
resistance.
 Example 12.3
(a) How much current will an electric bulb draw from a 220 V source, if the resistance of the bulb
filament is 1200 Ω?
(b) (b) How much current will an electric heater coil draw from a 220 V source, if the resistance of the
heater coil is 100 Ω?
 Example 12.4
The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60 V when it draws a current of 4 A
from the source. What current will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased to 120 V?
 Example 12.5
Resistance of a metal wire of length 1 m is 26 Ω at 20°C. If the diameter of the wire is 0.3 mm, what will be
the resistivity of the metal at that temperature? Using Table 12.2, predict the material of the wire.
 Example 12.6
A 4 Ω resistance wire is doubled on it. Calculate the new resistance of the wire.
Resistors in Series and Parallel
 TOPICS OF THE
CLASS
• Types of
resistance
• Colour Code
• Equivalent
Resistance
• Numerical
Problems
Color code of carbon resistance
B B Roy of great Britain has a very good Wife
series and parallel combination of resistance
 Equivalent resistance in series
ake 3 resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in series and a
battery of V volts has been connected. suppose the p.d
across R1 is V1, R2 is V2 and R3 is V3.

total p.d across the 3 resistors should be equal to the

voltage of the battery i.e.

V = V1 + V2 + V3 __________[1]

from ohm 's law-- putting values of V1, V2 and V3 in

V = IR ___________[2] [1]

V1 = IR1 _________[3] IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

V2 = IR2 _________[4] =IR = I [R1 + R2 + R3]

V3 = IR3 _________[5] =R = R1 + R2 +R3

 Equivalent resistance in parallel
take 3 resistors R1, R2, R3 connected in parellel and
connect a batery of V volts. in this case the p.d across
the ends will be the same. the current flowing,
however, is not the same.

total I = I1 + I2 + I3 _______[1]

from ohm 's law--

I = V / R _______[2]
I1 = V / R1 _________[3]
I2 = V / R2 __________[4]
I3 = V / R3 _________[5]

putting the values of I1, I2 and I3 in [1]

V / R = V / R1 + V / R2 + V / R3

Or, V / R = V [1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3]
Series circuit examples
Parallel circuit examples
Series & Parallel circuit examples SPC 1
SPC 2
SPC 3
SPC 4
Example 12.7
An electric lamp, whose resistance is 20 Ω, and
a conductor of 4 Ω resistance are connected to
a 6 V battery (Fig. 12.9). Calculate
(a) The total resistance of the circuit,
(b) the current through the circuit, and
(c) the potential difference across the electric
lamp and conductor.
Example 12.8
In the circuit diagram suppose the resistors R1,
R2 and R3 have the values 5 Ω, 10 Ω, 30 Ω,
respectively, which have
been connected to a battery of 12 V. Calculate
(a) the current through each resistor,
(b) the total current in the circuit,
(c) the total circuit resistance.
Example 12.9
In Fig. 12.12, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 40 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω, R4 =
20 Ω, R5 = 60 Ω,
and a 12 V battery is connected to the arrangement.
Calculate
(a) the total resistance in the circuit,
(b) the total current flowing in the circuit
Judge the equivalent resistance when the following are connected in
parallel –
(a) 1 Ω and 10^6 Ω, Page: 216
(b) 1 Ω and 10^3 Ω, and 10^6 Ω.
 What are the advantages of connecting electrical
devices in parallel with the battery instead of connecting
them in series?
1) As the current in parallel are not same each device can
takes its own amount of current hence the device can
function normally

2)The resistance offered will be the least hence it saves

electricity

3)In case if one device stops working other will function

properly but not in the case of series connection
how can three resistors of resistance 2 ohm 3 ohm and 6 ohm be
connected to give a total resistance of 4 ohm and 1 ohm
heating effect of electric current
HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

When an electric current is passed through a

conductor, the conductor becomes hot after some
time and produce heat.
This happens due to the conversion of some
electric energy passing through the conductor into
heat energy.
This effect of electric current is called heating effect
of current.
Why does the cord of an electric heater not
glow while the heating element does?
Derivation of Formula
 Example 12.10 An electric iron consumes energy
at a rate of 840 W when heating is at the maximum
rate and 360 W when the heating is at the
minimum. The voltage is 220 V. What are the
current and the resistance in each case?
Example 12.11 100 J of heat are produced each second in a 4 Ω
resistance. Find the potential difference across the resistor.
Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb
of charge in one hour through a potential difference of 50 V
An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5 A.
Calculate the heat developed in 30 s.

.
 EFFECTS OF
Topics
ELECTRICAL
CURRENTS
 APPLICATIONS
OF HEATING
EFFECT
 ELECTRIC
POWER
 KWH & HP
various effects of electrical currents

heating effect

chemical effect

magnetic effect
Why and how heating effect
Applications of heating
effect of current
In lighting appliances
ELECTRIC POWER
UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER
10
KWH
 Example 12.13 An electric refrigerator rated 400 W
operates 8 hour/day. What is the cost of the energy to
operate it for 30 days at Rs 3.00 per kW h?
The current passing through a room heater has been
halved. What will happen to the heat produced by it?
A resistance of 40 ohms and one of 60 ohms are arranged in series
across 220 volt supply. Find the heat in joules produced by this
combination in half a minute.
An electric bulb is rated at 220 V,
100 W. What is its resistance?
In a house, two 60 W electric bulbs are lit for 4 hours, and
three 100 W bulbs for 5 hours every day. Calculate the
electric energy consumed in 30 days.
Which uses more energy: a 250 W TV set in 1
hour or a 1200 W Toaster in 10 minutes?
 In a house there are 4 lamps 20 Watt, 2 lamps 10 Watt, 3 lamps 40
Watt, are used 5 hours every day. If the electric company charge 0.092
per kWh, then the cost of using electric energy during 1 month ?
 The energy used by the iron for 1 minute is 33 kJ, at a
voltage of 220 volts. How large the current is in the iron.
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of
this combination is R′, then the
ratio R/R′ is –
(a) 1/25 (b) 1/5 (c) 5 (d) 25
2. Which of the following terms does not represent
electrical power in a circuit?
(a) I
2R (b) IR2 (c) VI (d) V2/R
3. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is
operated on 110 V, the
power consumed will be –
(a) 100 W (b) 75 W (c) 50 W (d) 25 W
4. Two conducting wires of the same material and of
equal lengths and equal diameters
are first connected in series and then parallel in a
circuit across the same potential
difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and
parallel combinations would be –
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 (c) 1:4 (d) 4:1
5. How is a voltmeter connected in the circuit to
measure the potential difference
between two points?
6. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity of
1.6 × 10–8 Ω m. What will be
1. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal
parts. These parts are then
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of
this combination is R′, then the
ratio R/R′ is –
(a) 1/25 (b) 1/5 (c) 5 (d) 25
2. Which of the following terms does not represent
electrical power in a circuit?
(a) I
2R (b) IR2 (c) VI (d) V2/R
3. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is
operated on 110 V, the
power consumed will be –
(a) 100 W (b) 75 W (c) 50 W (d) 25 W
4. Two conducting wires of the same material and of
equal lengths and equal diameters
are first connected in series and then parallel in a
circuit across the same potential
difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and
parallel combinations would be –
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 (c) 1:4 (d) 4:1
6. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity of
1.6 × 10–8 Ω m. What will be
the length of this wire to make its resistance 10 Ω?
How much does the resistance
change if the diameter is doubled?
The values of current I flowing in a given resistor for the corresponding values of
potential difference V across the resistor are given below
I (amperes) :0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
V (volts) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the resistance of that resistor.
When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is
a current of 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the
resistor.
A battery of 9 V is connected in series with resistors of 0.2 Ω, 0.3 Ω, 0.4
Ω , 0.5 Ω and 12 Ω, respectively. How much current would flow through
the 12 Ω resistor?
How many 176 Ω resistors (in parallel) are
required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line?
Show how you would connect three resistors, each of
resistance 6 Ω, so that the combination has a resistance
of (i) 9 Ω, (ii) 4 Ω
Several electric bulbs designed to be used on a 220 V electric supply
line, are rated 10 W. How many lamps can be connected in parallel
with each other across the two wires of 220 V line if the maximum
allowable current is 5 A?
A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two
resistance coils A and B, each of 24 Ω resistance, which may be
used separately, in series, or in parallel. What are the currents in
the three cases?
. Compare the power used in the 2 Ω resistor in each of the following circuits: (i) a
6 V battery in series with 1 Ω and 2 Ω resistors, and (ii) a 4 V battery in parallel
with 12 Ω and 2 Ω resistors.
Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V, and the other 60 W at 220 V, are
connected in parallel to electric mains supply. What current is drawn
from the line if the supply voltage is 220 V?
Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in 1 hr, or a
1200 W toaster in 10 minutes?
An electric heater of resistance 8 Ω draws 15 A from the service mains 2 hours.
Calculate the rate at which heat is developed in the heater.
Thank
You