ORGANIZATION
AND MANAGEMENT
MODULE 1:
Definition and Functions of
Management and the Different
Types
of Management Theories
MANAGEMENT
1. Management as a noun, is used as singular collective noun (like
group) which refers to a discrete nature of grouping of managers or
people in charge of running a company or organization.
2. Management as a process, it refers to organizational process that
includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources,
deploying labor force, financial assets and measuring results.
3. Management as a discipline, this refers to that branch of knowledge
which is connected to study of principles & practices of basic
administration. Itspecifies certain code of conduct to be followed by the
manager and indicates various methods of managing enterprise.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE DIFFERENT MANAGERIAL
FUNCTIONS THAT A MANAGER EXERCISE.
Planning
This includes defining goals, establishing strategy,
and developing plans to coordinate activities. It involves
mapping out exactly how to realize a specific goal. It also
requires knowledge to create, develop and analyze
opportunities which is known as strategic planning. There
are two types of planning;
a.) Long range planning
b.) short range planning
Organizing
This is also known as the backbone of
management. It is the structure of the
organization which help determines what task to
be done, who needs to do the task and how the
task is to be performed and for whom to report to
after the task is achieved.
Staffing
This involves manning in the organization. This requires
recruitment, thorough selection of applicants and hiring of
potential employees for the organization. It is also
responsible for training and development of the employee to
be promoted, transferred, demoted or even be fired from the
organization.
Directing
This involves the supervision and motivation of manager towards
his/her employees to be more productive and efficient. When
there is a high morale in the organization, it usually has a
significant impact on the performance and productivity of the
employees. Therefore, there is a need for the manager to motivate
employees, supervise, and direct them to be more effective and
efficient at work. Good communication is essential since this builds
positive interpersonal relationship from and among employees.
Thus this can resolve conflicts that might arise in the organization.
Controlling
This deals with monitoring the company’s progress and
ensuring that all other functions are operating efficiently.
Since this is the last stage, uncertain situation usually
arises that might disrupt the operation of the business.
Therefore, there is a need for the management to exercise
corrective actions after thorough assessment and
evaluation.
Classical Theory (1900 – 1920’s) is the
oldest theory. This theory evolved in response
to the shift from handicraft to industrial
production. The emphasis is on the economic
rationality of people and organizations,
motivated by economic incentives that
through their efforts yield greatest monetary
benefits or income.
Classical management theories come in the likes of:
The Neo-classical theories believe that
the best way toward gaining maximum
productivity from workers is through
motivation, structure and supporting
employees, consider the worker’s intrinsic
value in their jobs and having emphasis in
the positive impact of social relationship of
worker productivity.
Under neo-classical theories, theorist focuses on human relations and behavior of the
employees.
The Modern Theories of Management
• Dealing with complexity is the core of modern management
theory. Focus is on the interaction between Organizations,
Workers, and Environment.
• It is a synthesis of several theories such as, behavioral science,
Mathematics, statistics, operations / quantitative research and
computing technologies.
• Application of management knowledge is extended to non-
business areas like education, government, health care and
others