GOOD AFTERNOON,
CLASS!!!
Welcome to English for
Academic and
Professional Purposes
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of a 60-minute lesson, 80 % of the
students should be able to:
a. Identify the main pattern of
organization used in the given paragraphs;
b. Appreciate the benefits of
understanding concepts in text structure in
developing one’s comprehension skill;
c. Practice critical thinking in performing
the activities;
d. Apply text structure in identifying and
organizing paragraphs.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Activity 2: “I can see
you!”
Directions: Guess the word,
using the pictures given.
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___
“I can see you!”
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TEXT
“I can see you!”
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_______
“I can see you!”
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
STRUCTURE
“I can see you!”
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TEXT
STRUCTURE
Text Structure is the organizational structure used within
paragraphs or longer texts, appropriate to genre and
purpose. A well-structures text enables the reader to follow
the argument and navigate the text.
Text structure refers to how the information within a
written text is organized. This strategy helps you
understand that a text might present a main idea and
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TEXT
STRUCTURE
The THREE-PART ESSAY Structure
IMRaD
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
The
THREE-PART ESSAY
Structure
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
The most general information, such as background
and/or definitions.
The core of the introduction, where you show the
overall topic, purpose, your point of view, hypotheses
and/or research questions (depending on what kind of
paper it is).
The most specific information, describing the scope
and structure of your paper.
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BODY
It develops the question, “What is the topic about?”.
It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by
giving definitions, classifications, explanations,
contrasts, examples and evidence. This is considered
as the heart of the essay because it expounds the
specific ideas for the readers to have a better
understanding of the topic.
It usually is the largest part of the essay.
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CONCLUSION
The conclusion usually begins by briefly
summarizing the main scope or structure of the
paper, confirms the topic that was given in the
introduction, ends with a more general statement
about how this topic relates to its context. This may
take the form of an evaluation of the importance of
the topic, implications for future research or a
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STRUCTU
RE
The IMRaD structure is used in research journals. The sections
of the IMRaD structure are Introduction, Methods, Results and
Discussion.
The Introduction usually depicts the background of the
topic and the central focus of the study.
The Methodology lets your readers know your data
collection methods, research instrument employed, sample
size and so on.
Results and Discussion states the brief summary of the
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Activity 3: “Drag
Me!”
Directions: Drag the icon below
the correct type of text structure
based on the given definition.
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Steps or phases of a process or project are
“Drag
Me!”
specified without cause-effect relationships
being implied; a recipe or procedure for a
science investigating would be examples of
differing complexity.
Sequence (Process) Time
Structure order/Chronology
Events/Enumeration/Description Definition
Structure Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
1. Sequence (Process)
Structure
Steps or phases of a process or project are specified
without cause-effect relationships being implied; a
recipe or procedure for a science investigating
would be examples of differing complexity.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
LSequence (Process)
Structure
after before finally first last
next
then last second third later
since
following that at
the same time actual use of dates
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
1. Sequence (Process)
Exampl
Structure
e:
During flooding, one thing that may probably save your
life is an improvised flotation device. You can make one
using your pants. First, knot off the leg holes of your
pants. Then, hold the open waist and swing the pants
around to fill the legs with air. Promptly knot the waist to
trap the air and hold the pants underwater so that the air
would not escape.
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This is found in most narrative texts, where
“Drag
Me!”
the plot unfolds over time; more complex
texts use literary devices, such as flashback
and foreshadowing to implicitly establish
time order.
Compare-Contrast Time
Structure order/Chronology
Events/Enumeration/Description Definition
Structure Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
2. Time
order/Chronology
This is found in most narrative texts,
where the plot unfolds over time; more
complex texts use literary devices,
such as flashback and foreshadowing
to implicitly establish time order.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
L
Time
order/Chronology
as afterwards much later/earlier now
on(date) when soon after later on
initially previously not long after
simultaneously
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Exampl
2. Time
e: order/Chronology
Ondoy began to develop from an active low-pressure area to a
tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA
raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point,
signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By
Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile,
President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various
government agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As
soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
This usually covers a larger piece of writing rather
“Drag
Me!”
than a single paragraph. An introductory
paragraph is provided which states the topic and
facilitates the listing or elaboration of important
descriptions, characteristics, or attributes.
Compare-Contrast Definition
Structure Structure
Events/Enumeration/Description
Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
3.
Events/Enumeration/Descrip
tion Structure
This usually covers a larger piece of writing
rather than a single paragraph. An
introductory paragraph is provided which
states the topic and facilitates the listing or
elaboration of important descriptions,
characteristics, or attributes.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
Events/Enumeration/
LDescription Structure
also to begin with first second
finally in fact to illustrate
such as most importantly for example
besides in addition characteristics include
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Exampl 3. Events/Enumeration/Description
e: Structure
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight
device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad,
speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The
most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying
information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed
to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth,
rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse—this is the
touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that
operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the
laptop
itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the
back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer.
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Typically, this includes a “definition” and examples
of class membership/type, attributes, and
“Drag
Me!”
functions; It may also include the parts and the
relationship between the parts or structure and
function; in some instances, it will include ways
something is similar to or different from other
Compare-Contrast
things. Cause-Effect
Structure Structure
Problem Solution Definition
Structure Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
4. Definition Structure
Typically, this includes a “definition” and
examples of class membership/type, attributes,
and functions; It may also include the parts and
the relationship between the parts or structure
and function; in some instances, it will include
ways something is similar to or different from
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
LDefinition Structure
also to begin with first second
finally in fact to illustrate
such as most importantly for example
besides in addition characteristics include
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
4. Definition
Exampl
e:
Structure
Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks
people to share personal information through the use of
technology. The “social” component in this scheme means
that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on
the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social
engineering also refers to various malicious acts online,
such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting.
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This shows similarities and dissimilarities between
objects, actions, ideas, or processes; headings and
“Drag
Me!”
subheadings generally provide extra
support/signals to readers about this structure;
often one paragraph is dedicated to similarities
and another to differences.
Compare-Contrast Cause-Effect
Structure Structure
Problem Solution
Structure
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
5. Compare-Contrast
Structure
This shows similarities and dissimilarities
between objects, actions, ideas, or processes;
headings and subheadings generally provide
extra support/signals to readers about this
structure; often one paragraph is dedicated to
similarities and another to differences.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
L
Compare-Contrast
Structure
also to begin with first second
finally in fact to illustrate
such as most importantly for example
besides in addition characteristics include
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
4.
Exampl Compare-Contrast Structure
e:
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will help
you inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two
giant companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the
best smart phones in market to date. While these state-of-the art phones have
similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch screen, and multimedia
features, they have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger
screen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating
system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the
camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone’s
1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-replaceable and has a
shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5.
Now that you know the basic differences of the two phones, you can decide!
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Carries the implication that the effect is produced
by a specific cause or that the consequences follow
“Drag
Me!”
from the specified antecedents; this might be
found in a discussion of science investigation
results or historical articles linking multiple causes
and effects.
Proposition- Judgmental/Critique
Support Structure
Problem and Solution Cause-Effect
Structure Structure
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
6. Cause-Effect Structure
Carries the implication that the effect is
produced by a specific cause or that the
consequences follow from the specified
antecedents; this might be found in a
discussion of science investigation results or
historical articles linking multiple causes and
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
L6. Cause-Effect Structure
although while however as well as
both in contrast but
similarly then either…or the facts show yet
in fact if...then unless
same as/different from as opposed to both whereas
the fact shows not only …but also for
example
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
6. Cause-Effect Structure
Exampl
e:
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in
modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization
has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide
trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had
positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders.
Second, globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different
countries had more access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies
dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of
various facilities, such as public health institutions. These institutions were being
privatized due to the idea that the private sector can better manage and
provide health services. In consequence, health policies become more and more
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Follows a number of different forms; at one
“Drag
Me!”
extreme, the problem and solution are labelled as
such; at the other extreme, the pattern is a series
of questions and answers that may or may not lead
to a resolution of the problem or issue.
Proposition- Judgmental/Critique
Support Structure
Problem and Solution
Structure
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
7. Problem and Solution Structure
Follows a number of different forms; at one
extreme, the problem and solution are
labelled as such; at the other extreme, the
pattern is a series of questions and answers
that may or may not lead to a resolution of
the problem or issue.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
[Link] Solution Structure
if/then as a result due to for
reasons why therefore because so that
consequently accordingly if…then thus
nevertheless this led to to begin with
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
7. Problem and Solution
Exampl Structure
e:
Illiteracy is the biggest curse in our social life. Without higher
education, no person can succeed socially and economically.
Every responsible citizen must participate in the campaign
against Illiteracy. Various organizations can play a good role in
this regard. Thus, government should actively promote
education in rural and backward areas. Education centers
should be established in different parts of the country and this
responsibility should be taken directly by students and
teachers.
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This is similar to problem/solution,
“Drag
Me!”
although arguments and counter
arguments are both presented in
support of a thesis statement.
Proposition- Judgmental/Critique
Support Structure
Inductive/Deductive
Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
8. Proposition-Support
This is similar to problem/solution,
although arguments and counter
arguments are both presented in
support of a thesis statement.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
L 8. Proposition-Support
although while however as well
as both in contrast but
similarly then
either…or the facts show yet in fact
if...then unless same
as/different from as opposed to
both whereas the
fact shows
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Exampl 8. Proposition-Support
e:
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act
to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a
terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy
killing is not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After
all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority
of the countries in the world, including those that have legalized it,
consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is unethical
in the medical context because it violates the principle of “primum non
nocore” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors
have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why
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Uses a set of criteria to evaluate information
“Drag
Me!”
or ideas that have been presented; often
discourse style (e.g., humor, satire) affects
the complexity and understanding of this
type of text.
Inductive/Deductive Judgmental/Critique
Structure Structure
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
9. Judgmental/Critique
Structure
Uses a set of criteria to evaluate information
or ideas that have been presented; often
discourse style (e.g., humor, satire) affects
the complexity and understanding of this
type of text.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
SIGNA
L9. Judgmental/Critique
Structure
although while however as well
as both in contrast but
similarly then
either…or the facts show yet in fact
if...then unless same
as/different from as opposed to
both whereas the
fact shows
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Exampl 9. Judgmental/Critique
e: Structure
The objective of this review was to view the trends in composition studies within
the past fifty years and see how commentary on student writing has
transformed and is still transforming. It's clear from the research reviewed that
evaluative commentary is widely practiced all through composition programs in
universities today. Together with this, it's also evident that the field of
composition studies in regards to the kinds of commentary that students get on
their writing is varied and continues to be examined and analyzed to benefit
both composition students and the society at large. Moreover, corrective vs.
evaluative commentary is still being discussed, and continues to be problematic
in the discourse community of college composition and also high school writing
as viewed in Bardine et al.'s research." Assisting students to become better
writers is important in our current society with reducing school budgets.
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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
10. Inductive/Deductive
Structure
There are subtle differences between these two structures, which apply
elements of enumeration and definition structures:
A deductive structure first presents a generalization/definition and then
follows it with specific examples; conversely, an inductive structure
presents illustrations and examples and then moves the reader to draw
conclusion from the examples; these structures are often embedded within
cause/effect, proposition/support, and judgment/critique structures.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Examp 10. Inductive/Deductive
Structure
le:
While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its
downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of
obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit
card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a
form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case pf
Mr. X. He received an email stating that his Gmail account has
been compromised and that he needed to click a link to update
personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal
information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.
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Problem and Solution Structure
PROBLEM:
Climate change threatening environmental
stability
Inadequate waste management practices in
schools leading to environmental impact
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Cause- Effect Structure
CAUSE:
Excessive screen time among children
Unhealthy eating habits
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Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
Directions: Answer the given
questions.
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Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
What is text structures?
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
Give atleast three types of
text structures.
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Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
Give atleast three types of
text structures.
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Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
What have you learned in
today’s discussion?
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Activity 4: “Bring it
on!”
What are the importance of
text structure in academic
writing? How it affect you as
a student?
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Activity 5:
“Forecasting
Structure!”
Directions: Read each
passage and identify the text
structure used.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
A. Sequence (Process) F. Problem Solution
Structure Structure
a s t i B. Time order/Chronology G. Proposition-Support
o r e c C. Definition Structure H. Judgmental/Critique
“F D. Compare-Contrast Structure
ng !
Structure I. Inductive/Deductive
t u re E. Cause-Effect Structure Structure
t r u c
S
”
1. Before you begin to bake chocolate
chip cookies, remember to gather all
the ingredients. Next, turn the oven
and preheat it. Then, you are ready to
begin measuring and mixing the dough.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
A. Sequence (Process) F. Problem Solution
Structure Structure
a s t i B. Time order/Chronology G. Proposition-Support
o r e c C. Definition Structure H. Judgmental/Critique
“F D. Compare-Contrast Structure
ng !
Structure I. Inductive/Deductive
t u re E. Cause-Effect Structure Structure
t r u c
S
2. ”It is dark as night in the deepest
parts of the ocean. Most fish would find
it very difficult or impossible to see, but
the lantern fish has solved this
problem. It carries its own flashlight.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
A. Sequence (Process) F. Problem Solution
a s t i Structure Structure
o r e c B. Time order/Chronology G. Proposition-Support
“F C. Definition Structure H. Judgmental/Critique
ng
D. Compare-Contrast Structure
u re ! Structure I. Inductive/Deductive
r u c t E. Cause-Effect Structure Structure
S t
”
3. Eels are long and thin like snakes.
Trying to hold onto an eel is like trying
to hold onto a snake.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
A. Sequence (Process) F. Problem Solution
Structure Structure
a s t i B. Time order/Chronology G. Proposition-Support
o r e c C. Definition Structure H. Judgmental/Critique
“F D. Compare-Contrast Structure
ng !
Structure I. Inductive/Deductive
t u re E. Cause-Effect Structure Structure
t r u c
S
”
4. Because a plate of grapes was out
in the hot sun, they turned into raisins
within several days.
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
A. Sequence (Process) F. Problem Solution
Structure Structure
a s t i B. Time order/Chronology G. Proposition-Support
o r e c C. Definition Structure H. Judgmental/Critique
“F D. Compare-Contrast Structure
ng !
Structure I. Inductive/Deductive
t u re E. Cause-Effect Structure Structure
t r u c
S
”
5. Carol forgot to add yeast to the
dough when she was baking. Therefore,
wheat bread did not rise, and she was
not able to eat it.
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Evaluation Time
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ASSIGNMENT
Follow Up.
Write a paragraph of not less than 100 words Advanced.
about a real-life experience applying any one
of the types of text structures discussed (or a
Search:
combination of various types). Use Summarizing
appropriate transition words in developing and Outlining.
your ideas. Indicate the primary text structure
employed
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