Newton’s Laws

of Motion

BY: Divyam Shah

Excel-I
Roll No.:- 14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the

principal of Gujarat Public School, for her encouragement and
for all the facilities that she provided for the project work.

I extend my hearty thanks to our Subject

teacher
who have guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement and immense motivation
which has sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project
work.

I would also like to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and

also to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project
work successfully and for their valuable advice and support,
which I received from them time to time.
 Newton’s Laws of
Motion

“If I have seen farther than others, it is

because I was standing on the shoulders
of giants.
-Sir Isaac
Newton
 Backgro
und
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English
scientist and mathematician famous for
his discovery of the law of gravity also
discovered the three laws of motion.

He published them in his book

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (mathematic principles of
natural philosophy) in 1687. Today
these laws are known as
Newton’s Laws of Motion and
describe the motion of all objects on
the scale we experience in our
everyday lives.
 Newton’s
First Law

“Law of
Inertia”

An object at rest wants to stay at rest and

an object in motion wants to stay in motion
unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
 Newton’s Law
of Inertia

Newton’s first law, usually called the law of

inertia, is a
restatement of Galileo’s idea that a force
is not needed to keep an object moving.

What is meant by unbalanced force?

If the forces on an object are equal and
opposite, they are said to be balanced, and
the object experiences no change in
motion.
If they are not equal and opposite,
then the forces are unbalanced
and the motion of the object
changes.
Objects at Rest
Simply put, things tend to keep on doing
what they’re already doing.

• Objects in a state of rest tend to

remain at rest.
• Only a force will change that state.
Objects in Motion
Now consider an object in motion.

• In the absence of forces, a moving

object tends to move in a straight line
indefinitely.

• Toss an object from a space station

located in the vacuum of outer space,
and the object will move forever due to
inertia.
Be Careful!!!
If an object is remaining at
rest, it is incorrect to assume
that there are no forces acting
on the object.
We can only conclude
that the net force on the
object is zero.

The net force acting on an object is the

vector sum of all the forces acting on it.
Examples:

6
9
8 lb
lb
lb
4
8 lb
lb ?
12 lb
7
4
8 l
b lb
lb
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist
changes in its state of motion

The first Law states that all objects have

inertia. The more mass an object has, the
greater its inertia and the more force it
takes to change its state of motion.

The amount of inertia an object has depends

on its mass - which is roughly the
amount of material present in the object.
Inertia Example
You can tell how much matter is in a can
when you kick it.
Kick an empty can and it moves. Kick a can
filled with sand and it doesn’t move as much.
Mass Is Not Volume
Do not confuse mass and volume.

Volume is a measure of space and is measured

in units such as cm3, m3, and liters.

Mass is measured in the fundamental unit of

kilograms.
Which has more mass, a feather pillow or a
common automobile battery?

The pillow has a larger size (volume) but a

smaller mass than the battery. But, clearly
an automobile battery is more difficult to set
into motion. This is evidence of the battery’s
greater inertia and hence its greater mass.
Mass Is Not Weight

Mass is often confused with weight.

• Mass is a measure of the amount of

material in an object.

• Weight, on the other hand, is a measure

of the gravitational force acting on the
object.
Mass Is Inertia

The amount of material in a particular stone

is the same whether the stone is located
on Earth, on the moon, or in outer space.

• The mass of the stone is the same in all

of these locations.

• The weight of the stone would be very

different on Earth and on the moon, and
still different in outer space.
We can define mass and weight as follows:

• Mass is the quantity of matter in an

object.

• Weight is the force of gravity on an

object.

It is common to describe the amount of matter

in an object by its gravitational pull to Earth,
that is, by its weight.

In most parts of the world the measure of

matter is commonly expressed in units of
mass, the kilogram (kg).

At Earth’s surface, 1 kilogram has a

weight of 9.81 Newton’s.
The SI unit of force is the Newton
(kgm/s2)

The SI symbol for the Newton is N.

If you know the mass of something in

kilograms and want its weight in Newton's
at Earth’s surface, multiply the number of
kilograms by 9.81 m/s2.
If objects in motion tend to stay in motion,
why don’t moving objects keep moving
forever?

Things don’t keep moving forever

because there’s almost always
unbalanced forces’ acting upon it.

A book sliding across a

table slows down and
stops because of the
force of friction.

If you throw a ball upwards

it will eventually slow down
and fall because of the
force of gravity.
 Friction

Friction is a force that arises due to the

relative motion of two surfaces.

1. Two solid surfaces: Sliding friction,

rolling friction
2. A solid and a fluid: Air resistance
3. Two fluids

The direction of the friction force always

acts in the opposite direction of motion.
 Friction

The amount of sliding friction

depends on:

1. The surface material

(smoothness/roughness)
2. The normal force between the
surfaces

The amount of sliding friction does

not depend on:

3. Area of contact
4. Relative speed
Formula Sheet: Physics 1210 A . Carmichael

U n i fo r m l y accelerated linear moti on G r a v. fi elds due to point or spherical sources

(a=const.)
v = v0 + at s = v0 t +2 1
Force between masses F = Gmm ′ /r 2
at 2 v0 + v
v 2 = v02 + 2as s= Gravity field of mass m g = Gm/ r 2
t 2 ′
G.P.E. two masses U = −Gmm
P ro j ec ti le moti on 2 D (uniform field /r
Grav. potential of m
g=const.) vx (0) = v(0) cos θ = v0 cos θ V = −Gm/r
vy (0) = v(0) sin θ = v0 sin θ
O r b i ta l moti on
a y = −g = const. ax = 0 =
Kepler’s 2 n d Law T 2 = (4π 2 / G M )r 3
vy (t) = vy (0) − const. v x =
Orbit (circular) v2 = G M / r
y(t) = y(0) + vy (0)t 12 gt 2
gt const.
− Escape velocity v 2 = 2 GM/ r
x(t) = x(0) +
Tra j e c to r y equati on (in terms of v(0),
v x (0)t Rocket equation a = v e dm −
g) g
1 g v y (0) m dt
y(x) = − x2 + x + y(0)
2 vx2 (0) v x (0) Co nsta nt s related to grav it y
Velocity-positi on equati ons −11
Universal const. of gravitation 2
2
v 2 (y) = v 2 (0) − 2gy Earth surface gravity G = 6.67 × 10 N · m / kg
v y22 (y) = v y (0) − Earth mass & G g = 9.81 m/ s2
2gy Solar mass & G 14
Special points: R a n g e R , height h, fl ight ti me 3 2
Moon mass & G M E = 3.98 × 10 m /s
T 20
h = vy2 (0)/2g = v 2 (0) sin2 θ/2g G 3 2
GM ⊙ = 1.33 × 10 m /s
R = 2vx (0)vy (0)/g = v 2 (0) sin 2θ/g K i n e ti c and potenti al energy 12
3 2
T = 2vy (0)/g = 2v(0) sin θ/g G M g =1 4.91 × 10 m /s
Kineti c energy K =2
R = 4h cot Potential energy for spring mv 2
U = 1 kx 2
2
θ G P E uniform grav. field U (y) = mgy + U (0)
E n e r g y for projecti le
Potential uniform grav. field V (y) = gy + V (0)
G P E uniform field U (y) = mgy + U
G P E uniform grav. field ∆U g r a v . = mg∆y = mgh
Potential uniform grav. field (0)
Total energy V
E (y)
= 21=mv gy2 ++ Vmgy
(0) Wo r k , energy and power
G P E uniform field ∆U g r a v . = mg∆y = mgh
Work W = F→ · ∆ →r
C i r c u l a r moti on Work-energy theorem
Wn et = Wc + Wn c = ∆ K
Centripetal acceleration a r = v 2 /r = rω 2 Power
P = dE/dt = dW/dt
Arc length s = rθ Average Power
Pa v = ∆ E / ∆ t = W /∆t
Tangential speed v = rω = 2πr/T Instantaneous Power
P = F→ · →v = F ǁ v
Tangetial acceleration at = r α
C e nt re of mass
Angular frequency ω = 2πf =
Frequency and time period 2π/T f = 1/T 1 Σ m →r
R→ c m i

Uniform circular motion a t = 0, α = 0 = M i

T heo rem s for variable forces

Forces and M o m e n t u m
I mpulse- J→ = ∆ p→ = F→a v ∆ t
Newton’s second law (general) momentum Work-
F→ = dp→/dt W n et = F→a v . · ∆ →r =
Potential energy and force (1D) energy
F = ∆K
Linear Momentum
−dU/dx p→
Friction (static)
= m→v
Friction
(kinetic) f s ≤f s,m ax = µs N

fk = µk N
Formula Sheet: Physics 1210 A . Carmichael

Ty p e s of collision Mo m ent s of inerti a

• totally elastic: No loss of K . E .
Moment Object Axis
• inelastic: Some loss of K . E . I = MR2 Uniform ring/tube Through C.M.
I = 2
1
MR 2 Uniform disk/cylinder Through C.M.
• completely inelastic: v1 = v 2 = v Max K . E .
I = 1
M R + 2 Annular cylinder Through C.M.
loss 2 1 2
Co llisio n conservati on laws ( 1 D & 2 D ) R2 Uniform rod Through C.M.
I = 1
12 ML2
Momentum m1→u1 + m2→u2 = m1→v1 + m2→v2 I = 3
1
ML2 Uniform rod Through end
K .E . (elastic only) 1
m1 u2 + 1 m2 u2 = 1 m1 v2 + 1 I = 2
MR 2 Uniform sphere Through C.M.
5
m2 v2
2 1
2
2
2 I = 2
MR2 Hollow sphere Through C.M.
3
Co llisio ns 1 D 1 2
2
I = 1
Ma 2 Slab width a Along edge (door)
3
Newton’s collision law: (v 2 − v 1 ) = −e(u 2 −
u1 ) Si m pl e harmonic moti on ( S H M )

m1 − 2 (1 + e)m2 Hooke’s Law F (x ) = −kx

v1 = u1 + u2 2
em
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 acceleration 2
(1 + e)m1 m2 − 1 a(x) = −ω√x = −n
v2 = u1 + u2 Velocity x ) = ±ω A 2 −
v(x
m1 + m2 em
m1 + m2
S P E or E P E for a x2
U (x ) = 21 kx 2
Ro tati o na l moti on
spring Total energy E = 21 kA 2 = 1 mω 2 A 2
Anguar velocity, acceleration ωa v = ∆ θ/ ∆ t, α a v = ∆ ω/ ∆ t Position x (t) =2 A cos(ωt + ϕ)
Angular displacement ∆θ = ω a v . ∆t x(t) v(t) = −Aω sin(ωt +
Linear and angular vt = R ω, at = R α Velocity v(t) ϕ)
2
connection Acceleration a(t) = −Aω cos(ωt +
→Γ = →r × F→ Constant of motion ϕ tan ϕ = ϕ)
Torque a(t) ω x (0)
Γ = r F sin ϕ = r F ⊥ − 1 v(0)
Magnitude of torque v 2 (0)
L→= →r Constant of motion A A 2 = x 2 (0) +
Angular momentum ω2 r
× p→ L→ T = 1 = = m
(particle) Angular Period, mass-spring
I = Σ ax is 2π 2π k
momentum (solid) Moment =m rI 2ω→ f ωs l
of inertia (particles) N2 for
→Γ =
Period, simple pendulum T = 1 = = g
2π 2π s
dL→ /dt f n
rotation (general form) N2 I
K r =2 1
for rotation (I=const.) → Period, physical pendulum T =1 = =2π mgr
I ωΓ 2== ΓI aα→
W v · ∆ θ = ∆ K r 2π r
Rotational K . E . P = Γω f I
Work done by a Period, torsional pendulum T = n= = κ
I i ωi = I f ωf 2π
torque Rotational f1 n
v c m = Rω, a c m = R α
power
I = Ic m + M D 2 S I units and derived units 2π
Conservation of L→ I = 1 I c m ω2 + 1 M v 2 Name Basic Units
2 2
cm Qua nti t y Symbol Unit
Rolling without ass m kg kilogram kg
R otational m otion w it h (α =
slipping Parallel axis
const.) Length l m meter m
ω= ω
theorem Total 0 + αt
kinetic ∆ θ = ω0 t +2 1
Time t s second s
αt 2 ω0 + ω
energy ω2 = ω02 + 2α∆θ ∆θ = Force F N Newton kg ms−2
t 2 Energy E J Joule kg m2 s−2
Substi tuti o ns for rotati onal dy na m i c s
Power P W = Js − 1 Watt kg m2 s−3
s =⇒ ∆ θ 2
kg/ms 2
F→ =⇒ P ressure Pa = N · m
u =⇒ ω0 p P ascal
→Γ
v =⇒ ω K =m 1 2
2 mv = ⇒ K r =
1
2 Iω
2

=⇒ I
a =⇒ α p→ = m→v =⇒ L→
= I ω→