CONTEXT AND CRITERIA OF

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY:

History of Tourism and Hospitability industry:

• 1. Early Tourism ° Tourism has existed for over 2,000 years, initially
reserved for the wealthy. ° The term "tourism" comes from Hebrew
(Torah) and Old Saxon (Torn). ° Early travel was primarily for trade
(e.g., Sumerians and Phoenicians) and religious pilgrimages (e.g., St.
James of Galicia). ° The Olympic Games (776 B.C.) increased travel,
while Romans improved transportation with road networks and relay
stations. ° The Grand Tour (17th century) became an educational
journey for aristocratic young men. ° In 1388, English pilgrims needed
permits, an early form of passports.

• 2. Medieval Period (5th–15th Century) ° The fall of the Roman Empire

led to a decline in travel due to unsafe roads. ° Travel was mostly
limited to religious pilgrimages. ° Monasteries and religious orders
provided lodging and food to travelers.
• 3. Renaissance (14th–16th Century) ° Travel for education emerged, leading to
the Grand Tour for noblemen. ° The concept spread beyond the elite, making
travel accessible to the upper class. ° Health tourism began, with people visiting
spas and medicinal baths.

• 4. Industrial Revolution (18th–19th Century) ° The rise of the middle class and
increased wages allowed more people to travel. ° Technological advancements
(steam power, railways) made travel more affordable. ° Thomas Cook pioneered
organized travel (first package tour in 1841). ° Photography and guidebooks
became popular.

• 5. Modern Tourism (19th–20th Century) ° The 19th century saw the rise of mass
tourism due to railways and steamships. ° The 20th century brought: - Motorized
transport (cars, airplanes).

• - War-related travel (military encounters led to new destinations).

• - Growth in business tourism, conferences, and incentive travel.

• ° Tourism and hospitality became a major economic sector and cultural exchange
medium.
History of hospitality industry:
• The hospitality industry dates back to the 14th century,
derived from the Latin word hospes, meaning guest or
host. Early travelers, such as traders and warriors, used
temporary shelters or exchanged goods for lodging in
private homes. This practice laid the foundation for
hospitality, evolving into the formalized accommodations
we have today.
• 1. Ancient Period (Sumerians - 3200 B.C.) ° The
Sumerians created the first hospitality services with
taverns for traders and travelers. ° They invented money
and writing, which facilitated trade and the need for
accommodations. ° These early taverns marked the
beginning of the hospitality business.
• 2. Early Traders (2000 B.C.) ° The growth of trade led to
the construction of caravanserais along the Silk Road. °
These roadside inns provided shelter, food, and
protection for traders and travelers.
• 3. Empires (3200 B.C. - 476 A.D.) ° Egyptians hosted
travelers visiting their tombs and festivals. ° Greeks
treated guests as divine and established inns to
accommodate travelers. ° Romans developed inns and
road networks for better travel accommodations
• 4. Medieval Period (5th–15th Century) ° The fall of the
Roman Empire led to a decline in travel due to unsafe
roads. ° Travel was mostly limited to religious pilgrimages.
° Monasteries and religious orders provided lodging and
food to travelers.
• 5. Renaissance (14th–16th Century) ° Social dining
norms became more refined, leading to the emergence of
restaurants. ° Taverns and public dining rooms flourished
but were avoided by the upper class. ° The modern
concept of restaurants, especially in France, started to
take shape.
• 6. Early Modern Period (1600–1800 A.D.) ° Stagecoach
travel led to the development of inns and taverns along
major routes. ° Laws were passed to ensure inns
accepted all travelers. ° The first modern restaurant
appeared in France, offering meals to the public.
• 7. Industrial Era (1800s) ° Railways and other
technological advancements made travel more
accessible. ° Larger, more sophisticated hotels emerged
to accommodate the growing number of travelers. ° The
Industrial Revolution marked a shift towards more modern
hospitality.
• 8. Modern Period - 19th Century ° Luxury hotels began to
offer better services, including dining rooms and improved
amenities. ° The hospitality experience was further
enhanced by innovations like mass feeding and ice cream
parlors.
• 9. Twentieth Century ° The hotel industry grew rapidly as
transportation systems expanded. ° In 1980, the United
Nations World Tourism Organization established World
Tourism Day to promote sustainable tourism.
THE TIME TABLE OF THE
ORIGIN OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
• 1950 ° The Philippine Tourist and Travel Association
was established as a private initiative to promote the
Philippines as a leading travel destination.
• 1956 ° The Philippine Congress created the Board of
Travel and Tourist Industry.
• 1973 ° President Ferdinand Marcos formed the
Department of Tourism (DOT) by splitting the
Department of Trade and Tourism into two separate
departments. The Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA)
and the Philippine Convention Bureau (PCB) were
also established. The Department of Tourism was
later renamed the Ministry of Tourism.
• 1986 ° Under Executive Order Number 120 and 120-
A, signed by President Corazon Aquino, the
Department of Tourism was reorganized. The
Philippine Convention Bureau was renamed the
Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation.
• 1998 ° The Department of Tourism played a key role
in the centennial celebrations of the Philippines'
Independence from Spain.
• 2003 ° The Department of Tourism launched the
successful "Visit Philippines 2003" campaign under
Secretary Richard J. Gordon.
• 2009 ° The Tourism Act of 2009 (Republic Act No.
9593) was passed, resulting in improvements in the
tourism industry.
• 2010 ° South Korea became the largest contributor to
the number of tourists visiting the Philippines.
• 2012 ° The tourism industry in the Philippines saw
significant growth after the launch of the "It's More
Fun in the Philippines" marketing campaign.
• 2013 ° A total of 1.17 million South Koreans visited
the Philippines, followed by tourists from the U.S.,
Japan, China, Australia, and Taiwan.
TOURISM IMPACTS
Economic
• Tourism and hospitality impact on economic:
• Tourism boosts economic activity by increasing demand for
local businesses' services and products. This leads to job
creation, higher revenue, and a reduction in poverty. The direct
benefits of tourism come from related activities such as
accommodation, transportation, and attractions.

• The positive economic effects of tourism and hospitality Effects

on:
• 1. Income
• 2. Employment
• 3. Balance of payments
• 4. Investment and Development
• Income Tourism income, derived from the hospitality industry, is a
significant source of income in a destination country, contributing
significantly to the economy's development and national income,
indicating the significant role tourism plays in economic growth.
• Employment Tourism, one of the most significant sectors in
nations, provides significant employment opportunities, particularly
in developing countries.
• There are 3 types of employment:
• 1. Direct employment- is generated as a result of providing goods
and services directly to tourist in hotels, restaurant, bars and etc.
• 2. Indirect employment - consists of those positions that are
associated with other tourism-related activities but are used by
both local resident and the tourist.
• 3. Induced employment- refers to people working in positions only
peripherally related to tourism and hospitality
• Balance of payments Tourism, one of the most significant
sectors in nations, provides significant employment
opportunities, particularly in developing countries.
• Investment and development, The accelerator concept in
tourism has successfully influenced businesses and
government agencies to invest in the hospitality industry,
fostering economic growth.

• The negative economic effects on tourism and hospitality

Negative effects on:
• 1. Inflation and land values
• 2. High leakages
• 3. Seasonality
• 4. Overdependence on tourism and hospitality
• Inflation and land values, Tourism has inflationary
effects, leading retailers to increase prices on
expensive goods and services to boost profits.
• High leakages, Leakages in services arise from a
variety of sources, including the cost of goods and
services imported to meet the needs of tourists.
• Seasonality, Seasonal fluctuations in demand in
tourist regions often lead to low returns on
investment, as this demand is reflected in hotel
occupancy rates.
• Overdependence on tourism and hospitality, Tourism
is susceptible to changes, leading to underutilization
of services, unemployment, and loss of income in
destinations due to decreased demand.
SOCIAL
• The Social Impact of Tourism and Hospitality The social
aspects of tourism and hospitality encompass both
positive and negative impacts on local communities:

• Positive Impacts:
• Economic Development: Generates employment and
improves living standards
• Cultural Heritage: Fosters understanding and appreciation
of diverse cultures
• Community Empowerment: Provides opportunities for
entrepreneurship and skill development.
• Negative Impacts:
• Social Disruptions: Changes traditional lifestyles and can
create tensions between locals and tourists.
• Environmental Degradation: Increases pollution and
resource depletion, affecting local ecosystem.
• Commodification of Culture: Risks authenticity by turning
cultural practices into tourist attractions.
• Mitigation strategies :
• Community Participation: Involve locals in tourism
planning to address their needs.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Educate tourists to respect local
cultures and practices.
• Environmental Protection: Implement measures to
minimize tourism's ecological impact.
Environmental
• Tourism has both positive and negative effects on the
environment. While it can support conservation efforts, it
can also cause serious environmental degradation if not
managed properly.

• Positive Environmental Impacts:

1. Conservation and Protection of Natural Areas
• Many tourist destinations, such as national parks,
marine sanctuaries, and wildlife reserves, are protected
because of tourism revenue.
• Governments and organizations invest in environmental
conservation efforts, ensuring that ecosystems are
preserved.
• 2. Promotion of Sustainable Tourism
• Eco-tourism encourages responsible travel that minimizes
environmental impact and supports conservation.
• Many hotels and resorts adopt green practices, such as
using solar energy, reducing waste, and conserving water.
• 3. Environmental Awareness and Education
• Tourists become more aware of environmental issues like
climate change, deforestation, and wildlife protection.
• Many travel programs include educational eco-tours that
teach visitors about sustainability.
• 4. Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems
• Tourism revenue is often used to restore damaged natural
areas through tree planting, coral reef rehabilitation, and
pollution clean-up.
Cultural

• The urban areas of the world are becoming more and more
alike. Modernization and change from an agricultural society to
an industrialized one bring about changes in people's attitudes,
beliefs, and way of life. Part of this change occurs through
contact with tourists.
• Tourism and hospitality is a vital force in acculturation since it
causes more interaction between peoples. People who change
the least are the isolated ones those who live in regions of
extreme environmental conditions such as deserts, jungles, and
polar regions.
• Positive Effects of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture
Intercultural
• Communication Mobility is a prerequisite of tourism and
hospitality, is necessary for different social groups,
nationalities and cultures to meet and interact.

• Renaissance of Native Culture

• Traditional art forms have been revived in several countries.
Tourism and hospitality has stimulated the preservation of
traditional art including traditional songs and dances. Model
culture villages, living museums, have significantly
reintroduced native traditions and crafts by creating historical
and ethnic environments to preserve and promote local
culture
• Negative Effects of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture.
Tourism and hospitality have helped preserve and maintain
cultural interest, but it can also lead to the destruction of a
country's art. Tourists often resent locals who believe they
have the right to the art, leading to the sale of traditional
objects and the destruction of archeological sites in countries
like Egypt, Bali, India, and Central America. Moreover, the
increasing demand for artifacts has led to changes in its form
and functions as art objects. The artifacts may no longer be
represented as traditional arts due to the following reasons:

• 1. Mass production due to increase in demand result to

losing the careful and precise product workmanship;
• 2. The impersonal nature of the tourist market has
decreased the spiritual relevance of the artist's work
• 3. Art is produced according to the taste of tourists which,
in Africa, means carving animals, grotesqueness, and
gigantism, and

• 4. The increased demand has led to the

misrepresentation of the age or authenticity of objects
resulting in a large number of imitations
SATISFYING THE
TOURISTS NEEDS AND
WANTS
To provide a fullfiling experience, tourism services must
cater to both the needs and desires of travelers. Basic
needs include accommodation, food, transportation, safety,
and accessibility. These are essential for comfort and
convenience. Wants, on the other hand, involve, leisure,
entertainment, cultural experiences, adventure, and
personalized services that enhance satisfaction.
Tourists Needs:

[Link] – Hotels, resorts, hostels or vacation rentals for a

place to stay.
2. Food and Water – Availability of restaurants, cafes, and safe
drinking water.
3. Transportation – Reliable public transport, taxis, car rentals, or
tour buses.
[Link] and Security – Safe destinations, emergency services,
and health facilities.
5. Communication – Internet access, phone networks, and
language assistance.
[Link] Documents – Passports , visas, and necessary permits.
7. Hygiene and Sanitation – Clean restrooms, proper waste
disposal, and health protocol.
Tourists Wants:

[Link] and Activities – Skydiving, scuba diving, hiking, or theme

parks.
2. Cultural Experiences – Museums, heritage sites, festivals, and local
traditions.
3. Luxury and Comfort – Spa treatments, five-star hotels, or private
tours.
4. Shopping and Souvenirs – Local crafts, branded goods, and unique
items.
5. Entertainment – Nightlife, concerts, theater shows, or amusement
parks.
6. Local Cuisine and Fine Dining – Trying authentic dishes or gourmet
restaurants.
7. Personalized Services – Special packages, VIP treatments, or
exclusive access.
MASLOW’S THEORY
• Maslow's theory, also known as Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs, is a psychological framework that proposes that
human beings are motivated by a series of hierarchical
needs. According to Abraham Maslow, these needs must
be fulfilled in a specific order, starting with basic survival
needs and progressing to higher-level psychological
needs. The theory suggests that individuals are driven to
meet physiological needs first, followed by safety, social
belonging, esteem, and, ultimately, self-actualization—the
realization of one's fullest potential.