Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
Chapter 9
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Two or more people who
What Is a interact and are
interdependent in the sense
Group? that their needs and goals
cause them to influence each
other
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Why Do We Cerate & Join Groups?
IMPORTANT SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF
IDENTITY
ESTABLISHMENT OF SOCIAL
NORMS
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How Do Groups Function?
Social Norms
Social Roles
Group Cohesiveness
Group Diversity
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Social Norms
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Social
Roles
Shared expectations in a
group about how particular
people are supposed to
behave in that group
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Social Roles – Lucifer Effect
•Zimbardo and colleagues randomly
assigned male volunteers to play roles for
two weeks as
–Prisoners
–Guards
•Students quickly assumed these roles.
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[Link]
When Stanford Became a Prison
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Group Cohesiveness
• Qualities of a group that bind
Group members together and
cohesiveness: promote liking between
members
The more
cohesive a • Stay in the group
group is, the • Take part in group activities
more its • Try to recruit new like-minded
members are members
likely to:
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Group Cohesiveness
If task requires close Cohesiveness helps
cooperation performance
If maintaining good Cohesiveness can
relationships most interfere with optimal
important performance
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Group Diversity
Group members tend
to be alike in age,
sex, beliefs and
opinions.
Why are they similar?
Attracted to and likely to
recruit similar others
Groups operate in ways that
encourage similarity in the
members.
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Individual Social facilitation
Behavior in a Social loafing
Group Setting
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Social Facilitation and Social Loafing
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Gender and Social Loafing
Culture and Social Loafing
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Predicting
Can individual efforts be If Presence
evaluated? of Others
Will Help
Is the task simple or or Hurt
complex? Performan
ce
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Deindividuati
on: Getting
Lost in the
Crowd
The loosening of normal constraints on
behavior when people cannot be
differentiated (such as when they are
in a crowd), leading to an increase in
impulsive and deviant acts
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Massacres
Mobs of soccer fans
Deindividuat sometimes attacking
ion: Getting each other
Lost in the Hysterical fans at rock
Crowd concerts who trampled
each other to death
Cults – Klu Klax Klan
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Makes people
feel less
Why does accountable
deindividuatio
n lead to
impulsive and
sometimes Increases
violent acts? obedience to
group norms
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Deindividuation Increases Obedience to
Group Norms
•Deindividuation does not always lead to
aggressive or antisocial behavior.
–Depends on what the norm of the group is
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Group Decisions: Are
Two (or More) Heads
Better Than One?
A group will do well only if
the most talented member
can convince the others
that he or she is right!
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Group Decisions
Process Loss Group
Failure to share unique Polarization
information vs. Transactive
memory
Groupthink
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Groupthink: Many Heads, One Mind
A kind of thinking in which maintaining
group cohesiveness and solidarity is more
important than considering the facts in a
realistic manner
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Groupthi
nk: Many
Heads,
One Mind Groupthink is most likely to occur when group is
Highly cohesive
Isolated from contrary opinions
Ruled by a directive leader who makes his or her
wishes known
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Avoiding the Groupthink Trap
•A wise leader can take several steps to
avoid groupthink
–Remain impartial
–Seek outside opinions
–Create subgroups
–Seek anonymous opinions
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Group Polarization:
Going to Extremes
The tendency for
groups to make
decisions that
are more
extreme than
the initial
inclinations of its
members.
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Often people have
incompatible goals.
These incompatibilities place
Conflict
and them in conflict with each
Cooperati other.
on This can be true of
individuals, groups,
companies, and nations.
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Social Dilemmas
•A conflict in which the most beneficial
action for an individual, if chosen by most
people, will have harmful effects on
everyone
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[Link]
Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
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Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
People are more likely to adopt a
cooperative strategy if
–Playing the game with a friend
–Expecting to interact with their partner in the
future
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Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Tit-for-tat strategy:
–A means of encouraging cooperation by at
first acting cooperatively but then always
responding the way your opponent did
(cooperatively or competitively) on the
previous trial
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Why, even in peacetime, do
friends become enemies?
And why, even in wartime,
do enemies become friends?
[Link]
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REVEL ASSINGMENT
• Ch09:
Influence in
social
Groups- Final
1 03
• Due:
19.12.2024 –
23:00
• Ch11: Why
do we help –
Final04
2 • Due:
26.12.2024 –
23.00
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