Chapter 5
Using moles
The mole
12 g of carbon-12 powder
contain 1 mole of (6.02 × 1023)
carbon-12 atoms
A mole of substance is the amount that contains the same
number of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12
grams of carbon-12
The mole and the Avogadro constant
A mole is the amount of substance which contains 6.02×1023
specified particles(atoms, molecules, ions or electrons).
The symbol for the mole is mol.
Avogadro constant (L): the number of specified
particles(atoms, molecules, ions or electrons) in one mole of
those particles. Its numerical value is 6.02×1023.
1 mole = 6.02×1023 Avogadro constant
mole Number of particles
H 1 mol 6.02×1023 hydrogen atoms
H2O 2 mol 2×6.02×1023 water molecules
NaCl 1 mol 6.02×1023 Na+ ions
6.02×1023 Cl- ions
Ar(C)= 12 Mr(I2)= 254 Mr(H2O)=18
One mole of Sodium
carbon C One mole of iodine I2 One mole of Water
Na means
means 12_______
_______ g g 254 g
means _______ 18 g
H2O means _______
One mole of particles is the number of particles obtained by weighing
Ar ____of
out the ____or Mr the substances, in______.
grams
One mole of Oxygen atoms O, means ____ g.
16 Ar
One mole of Oxygen molecules O2, means ____g. Mr
32
One mole of methane CH4 16
means _____g Mr
One mole of magnesium oxide MgO 40
means _____g Mr
Molar mass (M): the mass of a mole of substance in grams.
The unit is g mol-1.
Ar
• for atom: M = ______
Mr
• for molecule/ionic compound: M = _____
H2O 18 g mol-1
molar mass(M) =______________
number of moles mass
1 mol 18g
2 mol 36g
5 mol 90g
mass = molar mass × number of moles
number of moles = mass
molar mass(M)
mass(g)
number of moles(mol) =
M(g/mol)
e.g. How many moles of sodium chloride
are present in 117.0g of sodium chloride?
No. of moles =117/ 58.5 = 2 mol
e.g. What mass of sodium hydroxide is
present in 0.25mol of sodium hydroxide?
Mass =0.25 = 10 g
n=
0.125
58.5 0.2
136 0.2
142 56.8
44 4.4
124 0.7
16 384
Types of Formulae
• Molecular Formulae
• Empirical Formula
Molecular formula
The chemical formula which shows the actual number
of atoms of each element present in the molecule,
such formula is known as molecular formula.
e.g. C2H6, C3H8, C2H6O, CH4, O2
Empirical formula
The chemical formula which shows the simplest whole-number
ratio between atoms such formula is known as empirical formula.
molecular formula: H 2O C2 H 6 H 2O 2
empirical formula H 2O CH3 HO
The formula of an ionic compound NaCl , CuCl2
The formula of an ionic compound is the same as it
empirical formula.
The formula of a molecular compound H2O, H2O2
The molecular formula of a covalent compound
actual
shows thenumbers of atoms that combine to
form a formula.
Finding the empirical formula
32 grams of sulfur combines with
32 grams of oxygen to form an oxide of sulfur.
What is its empirical formula?
Simplest whole
m n number mole
ratio
Empirical
formula
m
32 16
n 32/32 = 1 32/16=2
ratio 1:2
formula SO2
Simplest whole
m n number mole
ratio
Empirical
formula
m
12 1
n 80/12= 6.67 20/1= 20
ratio 6.67 : 20 or 1: 3
formula Divide the smallest number CH3
What’s the empirical formula?
n (C) =2.225 mol ÷ 𝟐 𝟏
.𝟐=¿ . 𝟎𝟏 Divide by lowest
number of moles
n(H)=2.2 mol ÷ 𝟐 .𝟐=¿
𝟏
n(O)= 4.44375 mol = 𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐
1:1:2 CHO2
? Simplest
m n whole number
ratio
Empirical
formula
From empirical to
final formula
From empirical to final
formula
Empirical Molecular
Mr mass
n=
formula
CH2 (CH2)3
42 n =42/14=3
14 (CH2)n C3H6
Octane is a hydrocarbon. It contains only carbon and hydrogen. It is
84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. Its Mr is 114. What is its
molecular formula?
Assumption: the mass of octane is 100g
1. Find empirical formula
Simplest
m n whole
number ratio
Empirical
formula
2. Find Molecular formula
Empirical Molecular
Mr mass
n=
formula
Octane is a hydrocarbon. It contains only carbon and hydrogen. It is
84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. Its Mr is 114. What is its
molecular formula?
Assumption: the mass of octane is 100g
n(C) = = 7.02 mol So empirical formula is C4H9
Molecular formula is (C4H9)n
n(H) = = 15.8 mol empirical mass = 4
= 57
n(C) : n(H) =
n = 114/57 = 2
= 1 ： 2.25
= 4 ： 9 So Molecular formula is C8H18
Octane is a hydrocarbon. It contains only carbon and hydrogen. It is
84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. Its Mr is 114. What is its
molecular formula?
Assumption: the molecular formula of octane is CxHy
x and y should be whole number
12 𝑥
=84.2 % x
114
1× y y
=15.8 % C8H18
114
Assumption: The mass of compound is 100 g ÷ 2.27
n(C): n(H): n(O)= : : = 4.545 : 9.09 : 2.27 1’
C 2H 4 O 1’
Empirical : C2H4O
(C2H4O)n
Mr (C2H4O) =2
n=88/44=2 C4H8O2 1’
Avogadro constant (L): the number
of specified particles in one mole
of those particles. Its numerical
value is 6.02×1023.
Equations we’ve learned so far
n= n: number of moles
m: mass
M: molar mass
Mr: relative molecular mass
Ar: relative atomic mass
The concentration of
a solution
We use the term “concentrated” and “dilute” to refer to the
relative amount of solute in the solution.
Definition: The concentration of solution is the amount of
solute that is dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution. You can express
it in grams, or moles.
Mass = 2.5 grams No. of moles = 0.1 mol
Volume = 1 dm3 Volume = 1 dm3
Concentration Concentration
= Mass/Volume = No. of moles /Volume
= 2.5g/dm3. = 0.1mol/dm3.
mass of solute (g)
concentration(g/dm3) =
volume of solution (dm3)
number of moles of solute (mol)
concentration(mol/dm3) =
volume of solution (dm3)
number of moles of solute (mol)
concentration(mol/dm3) =
volume of solution (dm3)
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
e.g. Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of a solution
of sodium hydroxide, that contains 10 g of sodium
hydroxide in a final volume of 250 cm3.
n(NaOH) =
c(NaOH) =
n= c=
0.8
17
2 dm3
0.027
214
25 cm3
Or 0.025 dm3
Acid Base Titration Calculations 酸碱滴定计算
25.0 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide is exactly reacted by 15.10 cm3
of sulfuric acid(H2SO4)of concentration 0.200 mol/dm3.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sodium hydroxide solution.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Can be known from reading question:
C(H2SO4 )=0.200 mol/dm3
V(H2SO4 )= 15.10 cm3
V(NaOH) = 25.0 cm3
C(NaOH )= n (NaOH ) / V
Acid Base Titration Calculations
25.0 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide is exactly reacted by
15.10 cm3 of sulfuric acid(H2SO4)of concentration 0.200 mol/dm3.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sodium hydroxide
solution.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Can be known from reading question:
C(H2SO4 )=0.200 mol/dm3 Mole ratio 2 1
V(H2SO4 )= 15.10 cm3 n(H2SO4) = cV =0.2 mol/dm3 0.00302 mol
V(NaOH) = 25.0 cm3 n(NaOH) = 2 n(H2SO4) 2 0.00302=0.00604 mol
c(NaOH) = n/ V = 0.00604 mol/ 0.025 dm3= 0.2416 mol/ dm3
Calculating gas volumes
from moles and grams
Avogadro’s law :
1 mole of every gas has the same volume, at a given temperature and
pressure. At room temperature and pressure, this volume is 24 dm3.
Molar gas volume
The volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas is called molar gas volume.
24 dm3
The molar gas volume at rtp is ________.
gas volume at rtp(dm3) = 24×number of moles
n= V= at rtp
0.5 12
64 2
0.07 1.68
36.5 192
3.75 0.125
Some calculation on the mole
Gas Solution Solution
at rtp; dm3
m V n m
n ×M 24
n ×dm3 c ×V c ×V
M – molar mass V – volume (dm3)
m – mass(g) c – concentration mol/dm3 ; g/dm3
n -- number of moles (mol)
(6.0
2)
(6.0
2)
Calculations from equations
• Mole ratio
• Volume ratio
• Mass ratio
mole 1
1 1
ratio:
6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023 To give 6.02 x 1023
react with
carbon atom oxygen molecule Carbon dioxide molecule
2C + O2 → 2CO
mole ratio: 2 1 2
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
mole ratio: 1 3 2 3
Numbers before formulae in an equation shows
the reacting mole ratio of reactants and products.
mole ratio=1:1:2
volume ratio=1:1:2
For gases, the numbers in the equations is not only
the mole ratio, but also the volume ratio.
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO (g)
V(C) : V(O2): V(CO2) = 2:1:2
Ar(C) = 12 Mr(O2) = 16 Mr(CO2) = 12 + 16
? ?
2. 3.
1. 4.
3.04/152= 0.02 mol
Mole ratio 0.02
0.12
What mass of aluminium oxide is produced when 9.2 g of
aluminium metal reacts completely with oxygen gas?
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
9.2 g mass = ?
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Mole ratio: 4 2
=0.34 mol mol
102 g/ mol
= 17.3 g
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
• Step 1:
Convert 9.2 g of Al into moles:
number of moles = 9.2 g___ = 0.34 mol
27 g / mol
• Step 2:
Use the ratio from the equation to work out how many moles of Al2O3 are
produced: 4 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Al2O3
0.34 mol of Al produce 0.17 mol of Al2O3
• Step 3:
Work out the mass of this amount of aluminium oxide. Mr(Al2O3) is 102
mass of aluminium oxide = 0.17 × 102 g = 17.3 g
In a chemistry experiment, students are asked to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂)
by reacting marble chips (calcium carbonate, CaCO₃) with hydrochloric acid
(HCl). The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
(1)If 125 mL of a 2.0 M HCl solution is reacted, calculate the volume of CO₂
produced. The unit M means mol / L or mol / dm3
(1)
n(HCl) = c(HCl) x V(HCl) = 125 mL x 2 mol/L = 0.25 mol
Mole ratio: 2 1
n(CO2) = 0.25/2 = 0.125 mol
V(CO2) = 0.125 mol x 24 dm3 = 3 dm3
(1)If 125 mL of a 2.0 M HCl solution is reacted, calculate the volume of CO₂
produced. The unit M means mol / L or mol / dm3
(2)If the volume of the solution remains the same after the reaction, calculate
the concentration (g/dm3) of the final CaCl2 solution.
(2) n(HCl) = c(HCl) x V(HCl) = 125 mL x 2 mol/L = 0.25 mol
Mole ratio: 2 1
n(CaCl2) = 0.25/2 = 0.125 mol
m(CaCl2) = n(CaCl2) x Mr = 0.125 x (40+35.5x2) = 13.875 g
c(CaCl2) =
limiting reagent and excess
reagent
limiting reagent : the reactant which is not in excess.
excess reagent: the reactant which is in excess.
limiting reagent will be used up, we use limiting reagent, not excess
reagent to do calculations.
e.g. Fe2O3+ 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
1 3 2 3
If there are 2 moles of Fe2O3 and 3 moles of CO,
CO
(a) which one is limiting reagent?
(b)how many moles of Fe will be formed? 2 mol
A
Calculate percentage yield
actual mass of product obtained
% yield= ×100 %
theoretical mass of product
The yield is the amount of product you obtain
from a reaction
actual mass
actual mass
1. Mr (C7H6O3) = 138 Mr (C9H8O4) = 180
2. n (C9H8O4) = n (C7H6O3) =m/Mr=100/138 =0.725mol
3. m (C9H8O4) =n (C9H8O4) (C9H8O4) =0.725 180 = 130.5g
4. %yield = =
1 mol 1 mol
actual mass
1. Mr (CaCO3) = 40+12+316 = 100 Mr (CaO) = 40+ 16=56
2. n (CaO) =n (CaCO3) =m/Mr=225/100 =2.25 kmol
3. m (CaO) =n (CaO) (CaO) =2.25 56= 126kg
4. %yield = = C
Calculate percentage purity
mass of pure substance
percentage purity = ×100 %
mass of impure substance
total mass
The purity is the percentage of a target substance in a material
Example 1: Aspirin (C9H8O4) can react with sodium hydroxide. It was
found that 4.00 g of aspirin sample were reacted by 17.5 cm3 of 1M
(mol/dm3) sodium hydroxide solution. How pure was the aspirin
sample?
C9H8O4 + NaOH → C9H7O4Na + H2O
1. Mr(C9H8O4)=
2. n(NaOH) = cV=
3. Mole ratio:
4. m(C9H8O4) = n(C9H8O4)Mr(C9H8O4)=
5. %purity =
C9H8O4 + NaOH → C9H7O4Na + H2O
(1) Mr(C9H8O4)= 180 (Ar C=12,H=1, O=16)
(2) 17.5 cm3 1M sodium hydroxide contain 0.0175 moles of NaOH(n=cV)
(3) 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of C9H8O4,
so 0.0175 moles react with 0.0175 moles. (mole ratio)
(4) 0.0175 moles of C9H8O4 =0.0175 x 180g = 3.15g of aspirin. (m=n x Mr)
(5) But the mass of the aspirin sample was 4 g.
So % purity of the aspirin=
Example 2: Chalk is almost pure calcium carbonate.
10 g of chalk was reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric
acid(HCl). 2280 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas was collected at room
temperature and pressure (rtp). What was the purity of the
sample?
The equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O ( l ) + CO2 ( g)
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O ( l ) + CO2 ( g)
(1)Mr of CaCO3=100 (Ar: Ca=40,C=12,0=16.)
(2) 1 mole of CaCO, gives 1 mole of CO2, (mole ratio)
and mole of CO2 react with 0.095 mol CaCO3 . (n=V/24)
(3) 2280 cm3 CO2 produced by calcium carbonate(m=n Mr)
(4) there is 9.5 g of calcium carbonate in the 10 g of chalk
So the purity of the chalk= ×100 % =95%.