Raymond A.
Serway
John W. Jewett
Chapter 4
The Laws of Motion
4.1 The Concept of Force
• Contact forces involve physical contact
between two objects
• Field forces act through empty space
• No physical contact is required
4.1 The Concept of Force
• A spring can be used to calibrate the
magnitude of a force
• Forces are vectors, so you must use the rules
for vector addition to find the net force acting on
an object
4.2 Newton’s First Law
• If an object does not interact with other
objects, it is possible to identify a reference
frame in which the object has zero
acceleration
• This is also called the law of inertia
• It defines a special set of reference frames called
inertial frames
• We call this an inertial frame of reference
4.2 Newton’s First Law
• Any reference frame that moves with
constant velocity relative to an inertial frame
is itself an inertial frame
• A reference frame that moves with constant
velocity relative to the distant stars is the best
approximation of an inertial frame
• We can consider the Earth to be such an inertial
frame although it has a small centripetal
acceleration associated with its motion
4.1 The Concept of Force
• In the absence of external forces, when
viewed from an inertial reference frame, an
object at rest remains at rest and an object in
motion continues in motion with a constant
velocity
• Newton’s first law describes what happens in the
absence of a force
• It also tells us that when no force acts on an
object, the acceleration of the object is zero
4.2 Newton’s First Law
• The tendency of an object to resist any
attempt to change its velocity is called inertia
• Mass is that property of an object that
specifies how much resistance an object
exhibits to changes in its velocity
4.3 Mass
• Mass is an inherent property of an object
• It is independent of the object’s surroundings
• Mass is independent of the method used to
measure it
• Mass is a scalar quantity
• The SI unit of mass is kg
4.3 Mass
• Mass and weight are two different quantities
• Weight is equal to the magnitude of the
gravitational force exerted on the object
• Weight will vary with location
• The mass of an object is the same
everywhere
4.4 Newton’s Second Law
• The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass
• Force is the cause of change in motion, as
measured by the acceleration
• In equation form:
wheremeans the sum
4.4 Newton’s Second Law
• Newton’s second law can be expressed in
terms of components:
• The analysis model used in conjunction with
Newton’s second law is the particle under a
net force
4.4 Newton’s Second Law
• SI unit of force is newton:
1 N = 1 kg·m/s2
Example 4.1 An Accelerating Hockey
Puck
Example 4.1 An Accelerating Hockey
Puck
• Find the component of the net force acting on the
puck in the x direction:
• Find the component of the net force acting on the
puck in the y direction:
Example 4.1 An Accelerating Hockey
Puck
• Use Newton’s second law in component form to
find the x and y components of the puck’s
acceleration:
Example 4.1 An Accelerating Hockey
Puck
• Find the magnitude of the acceleration:
• Find the direction of the acceleration relative to
the positive x axis:
4.5 The Gravitational Force and
Weight
• This force is directed toward the center of the
Earth
• Its magnitude is called the weight of the object
Weight = Fg = mg
• Because it is dependent on g, the weight
varies with location
• g, and therefore the weight, is less at higher
altitudes
4.5 The Gravitational Force and
Weight
• In Newton’s Laws, the mass is the inertial
mass and measures the resistance to a
change in the object’s motion
• In the gravitational force, the mass is
determining the gravitational attraction
between the object and the Earth
• Experiments show that gravitational mass and
inertial mass have the same value
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
• Newton’s third law states:
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
• Forces always occur in pairs
• A single isolated force cannot exist
• The action force is equal in magnitude to the
reaction force and opposite in direction
• One of the forces is the action force, the other is
the reaction force
• It doesn’t matter which is considered the action
and which the reaction
• The action and reaction forces must act on
different objects and be of the same type
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
4.6 Newton’s Third Law
• The normal force and the
force of gravity are the
forces that act on the
monitor
• In a free-body diagram,
you want the forces
acting on a particular
object
• Let the object be a
represented by a point
4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s
Second Law
Analysis Model: Particle in Equilibrium
• Objects at rest or moving with constant
velocity are in equilibrium
• The vector sum of all forces (net force) acting on
an object is zero
• In terms of components:
4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s
Second Law
Analysis Model: Particle Under a Net Force
• If an object experiences an acceleration:
• Consider a crate being pulled to the right:
4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s
Second Law
• Free-body diagram of crate:
• Normal force
• Tension force
• Gravitational force
• Apply Newton’s second law:
Problem-Solving Strategy: Applying
Newton’s Laws
1. Conceptualize - Draw a simple, neat
diagram of the system to help establish the
mental representation.
• Establish convenient coordinate axes for each
object in the system.
2. Categorize - If an acceleration component
for an object is zero, it is modeled as a particle
in equilibrium in this direction and F = 0.
• If not, the object is modeled as a particle under a
net force in this direction and F = ma.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Applying
Newton’s Laws
3. Analyze - Isolate the object whose motion is
being analyzed.
• Draw a free-body diagram for this object.
• For systems containing more than one object,
draw separate free-body diagrams for each
object.
• Do not include in the free-body diagram forces
exerted by the object on its surroundings.
• Find the components of the forces along the
coordinate axes.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Applying
Newton’s Laws
• Check your dimensions to make sure all terms
have units of force.
• Solve the component equations for the
unknowns.
• Remember that to obtain a complete solution,
you generally must have as many independent
equations as you have unknowns.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Applying
Newton’s Laws
4. Finalize - Make sure your results are
consistent with the free-body diagram.
• Also check the predictions of your solutions for
extreme values of the variables.
• By doing so, you can often detect errors in your
results.
Example 4.2 A Traffic Light at Rest
A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs
from a cable tied to two other cables
fastened to a support. The upper
cables make angles of 37.0 and
53.0 with the horizontal. These
upper cables are not as strong as
the vertical cable and will break if the
tension in them exceeds 100 N.
Does the traffic light remain hanging
in this situation, or will one of the
cables break?
Example 4.2 A Traffic Light at Rest
• Apply Newton’s second law to the traffic light in
the y direction:
• Resolve forces acting on the knot into their
components:
Example 4.2 A Traffic Light at Rest
• Apply the particle in equilibrium model to the knot:
• Solve Equation (1) for T2 in terms of T1:
• Substitute into Equation (2)
• Both values are less than 100 N, so cables won’t break
Example 4.3 The Runaway Car
A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined
at an angle .
Example 4.3 The Runaway Car
(A) Find the acceleration of the car, assuming
the driveway is frictionless.
• Apply Newton’s second law in component form:
• Solve for ax:
Example 4.3 The Runaway Car
(B) Suppose the car is released from rest at
the top of the incline and the distance from the
car’s front bumper to the bottom of the incline
is d. How long does it take the front bumper to
reach the bottom of the hill, and what is the
car’s speed as it arrives there?
Example 4.3 The Runaway Car
• Use d = ½axt2 and solve for t:
• Use vxf2 = 2axd to find velocity:
Example 4.4 The Atwood Machine
When two objects of unequal
mass are hung vertically over a
frictionless pulley of negligible
mass, the arrangement is called
an Atwood machine. The device
is sometimes used in the
laboratory to determine the value
of g. Determine the magnitude of
the acceleration of the two
objects and the tension in the
lightweight string.
Example 4.4 The Atwood Machine
• Apply Newton’s second law to object 1:
• Apply Newton’s second law to object 2:
• Add equations (1) and (2):
Example 4.4 The Atwood Machine
• Solve for the acceleration:
• Substitute Equation (3) into Equation (1):
Example 4.5 One Block Pushes
Another
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2, with m1 > m2,
are placed in contact with each other on a
frictionless, horizontal surface. A constant
horizontal force is applied to m1.
Example 4.5 One Block Pushes
Another
(A) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of
the system.
•Model the combination of two blocks as a single
particle under a net force, and apply Newton's second
law in the x direction:
Example 4.5 One Block Pushes
Another
(B) Determine the magnitude of the contact
force between the two blocks.
• Construct free-body diagrams of
each block
• Apply Newton’s second law to m2:
• Substitute the acceleration found in (A)
into Equation (2):
Example 4.6 Weighing a Fish in an
Elevator
A person weighs a fish of mass m on a spring
scale attached to the ceiling of an elevator.
Example 4.6 Weighing a Fish in an
Elevator
(A) Show that if the elevator accelerates either
upward or downward, the spring scale gives a
reading that is different from the weight of the
fish.
• Apply Newton’s second law to the fish:
• Solve for T:
Example 4.6 Weighing a Fish in an
Elevator
(B) Evaluate the scale readings for a 40.0-N
fish, if the elevator moves with an acceleration
ay = 62.00 m/s2.
• Evaluate for upward acceleration:
• Evaluate for downward acceleration:
4.8 Context Connection: Forces on
Automobiles
• The force that accelerates an automobile is
the friction force from the ground
• The engine applies a force to the wheels,
attempting to rotate them so that the bottoms of
the tires apply forces backward on the road
surface
• By Newton’s third law, the road surface applies
forces in the forward direction on the tires, causing
the car to move forward
• If we ignore air resistance, this force can be
modeled as the net force on the automobile in
the horizontal direction