Raymond A.
Serway
John W. Jewett
Chapter 5
More Applications of Newton’s Laws
5.1 Forces of Friction
• When an object is in motion on a surface or
through a viscous medium, there will be a
resistance to the motion
• This is due to the interactions between the object
and its environment
• This resistance is called the force of friction
5.1 Forces of Friction
• The force of static friction, ƒs, is generally
greater than the force of kinetic friction, ƒk
• The coefficient of friction (µ) depends on the
surfaces in contact
• Friction is proportional to the normal force
ƒs µsn and ƒk= µkn
• These equations relate the magnitudes of the
forces, they are not vector equations
5.1 Forces of Friction
• The direction of the frictional force is opposite
the direction of motion and parallel to the
surfaces in contact
• The coefficients of friction are nearly independent
of the area of contact
5.1 Forces of Friction
5.1 Forces of Friction
• The friction force arises from the nature of
the two surfaces
• because of their roughness, contact is made
only at a few locations where peaks of the
material touch
• The friction force arises:
• because one peak physically blocks the motion
of a peak from the opposing surface
• from chemical bonding (“spot welds”) of
opposing peaks as they come into contact
Example 5.1 The Sliding Hockey
Puck
A hockey puck on a frozen pond is given an
initial speed of 20.0 m/s.
Example 5.1 The Sliding Hockey
Puck
(A) If the puck always remains on the ice and
slides 115 m before coming to rest, determine
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
puck and ice.
• Apply the particle under a net force model in the x
direction to the puck:
• Apply the particle in equilibrium model in the y
direction to the puck:
Example 5.1 The Sliding Hockey
Puck
• Substitute:
• Apply the particle under constant acceleration
model to the puck:
• Solve for the coefficient of kinetic friction:
• Substitute numerical values:
Example 5.1 The Sliding Hockey
Puck
(B) If the initial speed of the puck is halved,
what would be the sliding distance?
• Solve Equation (3) in part (A) for xf1 and xf2:
• Divide the first equation by the second:
Example 5.2 Experimental
Determination of s and k
Suppose a block is placed on a rough surface
inclined relative to the horizontal. The incline
angle is increased until the block starts to move.
Show that you can obtain s by measuring the
critical angle c at which this slipping just
occurs.
Example 5.2 Experimental
Determination of s and k
• Apply the particle in equilibrium model:
• Substitute:
• When the block is on the verge of slipping:
Example 5.3 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present
A block of mass m2 on a rough, horizontal
surface is connected to a ball of mass m1 by a
lightweight cord over a lightweight, frictionless
pulley. A force of magnitude F at an angle with
the horizontal is applied to the block, and the
block slides to the right. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block
and surface is k. Determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of
the two objects.
Example 5.3 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present
• Apply the particle under a net
force model to the block in the
horizontal direction:
• Apply the particle in equilibrium
model to the block in the vertical
direction:
Example 5.3 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present
• Apply the particle under a net force
model to the ball in the vertical
direction:
• Solve Equation (2) for n:
Example 5.3 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present
• Substitute:
• Substitute:
• Solve for the acceleration:
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform
Circular Motion Model
• Consider the figure
• A force, F, keeps the puck
moving in its circular path
• This force is associated
with a centripetal
acceleration, ac
• Newton’s second law
along the radial direction
gives
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform
Circular Motion Model
• This centripetal force
causes a change in the
direction of the velocity
vector
• If the force vanishes,
the object would move
in a straight-line path
tangent to the circle
Example 5.4 How Fast Can It Spin?
A puck of mass 0.500 kg is attached to the end
of a cord 1.50 m long. The puck moves in a
horizontal circle. If the cord can withstand a
maximum tension of 50.0 N, what is the
maximum speed at which the puck can move
before the cord breaks? Assume the string
remains horizontal during the motion.
Example 5.4 How Fast Can It Spin?
• Use Newton’s second law with tension:
• Solve for v:
• Find the maximum speed:
Example 5.5 The Conical Pendulum
A small ball of mass m is
suspended from a string of
length L. The ball revolves with
constant speed v in a horizontal
circle of radius r. (Because the
string sweeps out the surface of
a cone, the system is known as
a conical pendulum.) Find an
expression for v.
Example 5.5 The Conical Pendulum
• Apply the particle in equilibrium
model in the vertical direction:
• Apply the particle in uniform
circular motion model in the
horizontal direction:
Example 5.5 The Conical Pendulum
• Divide Equation (2) by Equation (1):
• Solve for v:
• Substitute:
Example 5.6 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?
A 1500-kg car moving on a flat, horizontal road
negotiates a curve. If the radius of the curve is
35.0 m and the coefficient of static friction
between the tires and dry pavement is 0.523,
find the maximum speed the car can have and
still make the turn successfully.
Example 5.6 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?
• Find the maximum speed condition:
• Apply the particle in equilibrium model:
Example 5.6 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?
• Solve Equation (1) for speed:
• Substitute numerical values:
Example 5.7 The Banked Roadway
A civil engineer wishes to redesign the curved
roadway in such a way that a car will not have
to rely on friction to round the curve without
skidding. In other words, a car moving at the
designated speed can negotiate the curve even
when the road is covered with ice. Such a road
is usually banked, which means that the
roadway is tilted toward the inside of the curve.
Example 5.7 The Banked Roadway
Suppose the designated
speed for the ramp is to be
13.4 m/s (30.0 mi/h) and the
radius of the curve is 35.0 m.
At what angle should the
curve be banked?
Example 5.7 The Banked Roadway
• Write Newton’s second law in the radial
direction:
• Apply the particle in equilibrium model:
Example 5.7 The Banked Roadway
• Divide Equation (1) by Equation (2):
• Solve for the angle:
Example 5.8 Riding the Ferris Wheel
A child of mass m rides
on a Ferris wheel. The
child moves in a vertical
circle of radius 10.0 m
at a constant speed of
3.00 m/s.
Example 5.8 Riding the Ferris Wheel
(A) Determine the force exerted by
the seat on the child at the bottom
of the ride. Express your answer in
terms of the weight of the child,
mg.
• Apply Newton’s second law in the
radial direction:
Example 5.8 Riding the Ferris Wheel
• Solve for the force exerted by the seat on the
child:
• Substitute:
Example 5.8 Riding the Ferris Wheel
(B) Determine the force exerted by
the seat on the child at the top of the
ride.
• Apply Newton's second law to the
child:
Example 5.8 Riding the Ferris Wheel
• Solve for the force exerted by the seat on the
child:
• Substitute:
5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion
Example 5.9 Keep Your Eye on the Ball
A small sphere of mass
m is attached to the end
of a cord of length R and
set into motion in a
vertical circle about a
fixed point O.
Example 5.9 Keep Your Eye on the Ball
Determine the tangential
acceleration of the sphere
and the tension in the
cord at any instant when
the speed of the sphere is
v and the cord makes an
angle with the vertical.
Example 5.9 Keep Your Eye on the Ball
• Apply Newton’s second law to the sphere in the
radial direction:
• Apply Newton’s second law to the forces acting
on the sphere in the radial direction:
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
Model 1: Resistive Force Proportional to Object
Velocity
• At low speeds, the resistive force is
proportional to the velocity:
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
• Consider a small sphere falling through a
liquid:
• Looking at the vertical motion and choosing down
as positive:
• Dividing by mass:
• This is called a differential equation
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
• Terminal speed can be calculated by setting
a = dv/dt = 0:
• The expression which satisfies the differential
equation is
• vT = mg/b
• = m/b (the time constant)
• e = 2.718 29 (base of natural log)
Example 5.10 Sphere Falling in Oil
A small sphere of mass 2.00 g is released
from rest in a large vessel filled with oil, where
it experiences a resistive force proportional to
its speed. The sphere reaches a terminal
speed of 5.00 cm/s. Determine the time
constant and the time at which the sphere
reaches 90.0% of its terminal speed.
• Evaluate the coefficient b:
Example 5.10 Sphere Falling in Oil
• Evaluate the time constant :
• Find the time when the sphere reaches 0.900vT:
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
Model 2: Resistive Force Proportional to Object
Speed Squared
• For objects moving at high speeds through air,
the resistive force is approximately proportional to
the square of the speed:
• D is a dimensionless empirical quantity that is called the
drag coefficient
• is the density of air
• A is the cross-sectional area of the object
• v is the speed of the object
5.4 Motion in the Presence of
Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
• Consider an object released
from rest
• The object experiences two
forces, gravitational and
resistive:
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of
Nature
Gravitational force:
• Mutual force of attraction between any two
objects in the Universe
• Inherently the weakest of the fundamental
forces
• Described by Newton’s law of universal
gravitation:
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of
Nature
Electromagnetic force:
• Binds atoms and electrons in ordinary matter
• Most of the forces we have discussed are
ultimately electromagnetic in nature
• Magnitude is given by Coulomb’s law:
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of
Nature
Strong force:
• The force that binds the nucleons to form the
nucleus of an atom
• Attractive force
• Extremely short range force
• Negligible for r > ~1014 m
• For a typical nuclear separation, the nuclear
force is about two orders of magnitude
stronger than the electrostatic force
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of
Nature
Weak force:
• Tends to produce instability in certain nuclei
• Short-range force
• About 1034 times stronger than gravitational
force
• About 103 times stronger than the
electromagnetic force
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of
Nature
• Physicists have been searching for a
simplification scheme that reduces the
number of forces
• Electromagnetic and weak forces are
manifestations of the electroweak force
• The nuclear force is now interpreted as a
secondary effect of the strong force acting
between quarks
• Scientists believe that fundamental forces of
nature are closely related to the origin of the
Universe
5.6 Context Connection: Drag
Coefficients of Automobiles
• Air resistance is a significant factor in the
design of an automobile
• Designers of alternative-fuel vehicles work to
reduce the force of air resistance so the net force
driving the car forward is as large as possible
5.6 Context Connection: Drag
Coefficients of Automobiles
• Factors that help reduce drag coefficient are:
• Small frontal area
• Smooth curves from the front and back
• Elimination or minimization of as many
irregularities in the surfaces as possible,
including:
• door handles
• windshield wipers
• wheel wells
• rough surfaces on headlamps and grills
• irregular surfaces in the underside of the carriage